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Hints from the Health Department. Leaflet from the archive of the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Credit: Wellcome Collection, London

Southwark 1927

[Report of the Medical Officer of Health for Southwark, Borough of]

Published
1928
Pages
114
Tables
95

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95 tables in this report

  • Page 10
    The population of the several divisions of the Borough at each Census since 1841, and also the estimated population for 1922, 1.923,1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, and 1928, are as follows:—
    Newington.St. George's.St. Saviour's and Christchurch.
  • Page 11
    TABLE 1.
    WARD.Area in AcresPopulation.Persons to the Acre.
    Males.Females.Total.
  • Page 12
    Birth-rate for the last Thirty Years for the Three Divisions of the Borough as formerly existed.
    Newington.St. George'sSt. Saviour's and Christchurch.Whole Borough.
  • Page 13
    TABLE 2. Number of Births and Deaths belonging to each Ward, with the Birth and Death Rates, also the Infantile Mortality Rate, 1927.
    WARD.Births.Infantile Mortality.Deaths.
    Males.Females.Total.Birth-rate.Males.Females.Total.Death-rate.
  • Page 15
    TABLE 3. Death Rates for the last Thirty Years for the Three Divisions of the Borough as formerly existed.
    Newington.St. George's,Christchurch and St. Saviour's.Whole Borough
  • Page 16
    TABLE 4. Death Rates for the various Wards for the last Fifteen Years.
    Ward.1913.1914.1915.1916.1917.1918.1919.1920.1921.1922.1923.1924.1925.1926.1927.
  • Page 17
    TABLE 5. Showing the number of Deaths that occurred in Public Institutions in the Borough during the year 1927.
    Institution.In 1st Quarter.In 2nd Quarter.In 3rd Quarter.In 4th Quarter.During Year.
  • Page 18
    TABLE 6. Births and Deaths Registered in the Sub-Districts of the Borough in 1927.
    For the First Quarter of 13 weeks ending 2nd April.For the Second Quarter of 13 weeks ending 2nd July.
    Sub-Districts.Births.Deaths.Births.Deaths.
    Male.Female.Male.Female.Sub-Districts.Male.Female.Male.Female.
  • Page 19
    TABLE 7. Deaths belonging to the Sanitary Area, with the Causes of Death at all Ages during 1927.
    Causes of Death.All Ages.AGES.Localities of Deaths.Institutions.
    0-1-2-515-25-45-65-75-St. Mary.St. Paul.St. Peter.St. John.Trinity.All Saints.St. Michael.St. Jude.St. George.Christchurch-St. Saviour.
  • Page 20
    The deaths under one year of age to 1,000 births for the last thirty years were as follows :—
  • Page 21
    TABLE 8. BOROUGH OF SOUTHWARK. INFANT MORTALITY, 1927. Nett Deaths from stated causes at various ages under 1 Year of Age.
    CAUSE OF DEATH.Under 1 Week.1-2 Weeks.2-3 Weeks.3-4 Weeks.Total under 1 Month.| 1-3 Months.I 3-6 Months.6-9 Months.9-12 Months.Total Deaths under 1 Year.
  • Page 22
    TABLE 9 Vital Statistics of Separate Localities in 1927 and previous years. BOROUGH OF SOUTHWARK
    Names of Localities.1. St. Mary's Ward2. St. Paul's Ward.3. St. Peter's District.4. St. John's District.5. Trinity Ward.6. All Saints District.
    Year.Population estimated to middle of each year.Births registered.Deaths at all agesDeaths under 1 year.Population estimated to middle of each year.Births registeredDeaths at all agesDeaths under 1 year.Population estimated to middle of each year.Births registeredDeaths at all agesDeaths under 1 year.Population estimated to middle of each year.Births registered.Deaths at all agesDeaths under 1 year.Population estimated to middle of each year.Births registered.Deaths at all ages.Deaths under 1 year.Population estimated to middle of each year.Births registered.Deaths at all ages.Deaths under 1 year.
  • Page 24
    TABLE 10. Deaths in the Sanitary Area from the principal Zymotic Diseases in the various wards for 1927.
    WARD.Cerebro Spinal Fever.Measles.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Whooping Cough.Enteric Fever.Diarrhæa.Phthisis.Pneumonia & Bronchitis.Heart Disease.Influenza.Polio Myelitis.Encephalitis Lethargica.
  • Page 25
    TABLE 11. ZYMOTIC MORTALITY FOR THE SANITARY AREA, 1927. Showing the localities where the deaths occurred.
    Locality.Polio-Myelitis.Encephalitis Lethargica.Measles.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Whooping Cough.Enteric Fever.Diarrhæa.Cerebrospinal Fever.Influenza.Total.
  • Page 26
    TABLE 12. London and the Metropolitan Boroughs. Birth and Death Rates and Infantile Mortality Rate, &c.
    Boroughs.Estimated Population, 1926.Birth Rate.Death Bate.Infantile Mortality Bate.Deaths from
    Enteric Fever.Measles.Scarlet Fever.Whooping-cough.Diphtheria.Diarrhsea and Enteritis (under 2 years).
  • Page 29
    TABLE 13. Summary of Original Inspections, &c., made under the Housing Acts during the Year 1927.
    WARD or DISTRICT.Housing.Houses Let in Lodgings.
    Number of Inspections.Number of Re.Inspections.Number of Inspections.Number of Re-Inspections.
  • Page 30
    TABLE 14 Summary of Original Inspections, &c., made in the several Wards during the year 1927.
    Ward or District.Complaints. Including houses in which deaths have occurred.)House to House.Principal Infectious Diseases.Factories, Workshops Workplaces and Outworkers.Number of Original Inspections made daily.Number of Reinspections made daily.
    Number of Inspections made.Number of drains tested.Number of Reinspections made.Number of Inspections made.Number of drains tested.Number of Reinspections made.Number of Inspections made.Number of drains tested.Number of Reinspections made.Number of Inspections made.Number of Reinspections made.
  • Page 32
    TABLE 15 Summary of Sanitary Works Completed under the Public Health Act, 1927.
    Ward, or District.Intimation Notices served.Statutory Notices served.Sanitary Works completed.Drain reconstructed.Drain repaired.Drain Intercepted and Ventilated.Drain Unstopped.Gullies provided.Soilpipe provided or repairedCloset provided.Closet Pan and Trap.Water apparatus repaired.Sink, Lav. and Waste Pipes.Rain Water Pipes repaired, &o.Water Supply to upper floorsDraw Tap on Main.New Water Supply.Roof and Gutters repaired.Paving repaired.Dampness abated.Booms cleansed.Sub-Floor Ventilation.Basement concreted.Staircase Ventilated.Dust-bin provided.Overcrowding abated.Miscellaneous Nuisances abated.
  • Page 34
    TABLE 16. Sanitary Works completed under the Housing Acts, 1927.
    Ward.Housing Acts.Houses Let in Lodgings.
    Intimation Notices served.Statutory Notices served.Works completed.Chimney flues repaired.Brickwork and Pointing repaired.Window reveals and sills.Window sash repaired.New Sash Lines.Doors and woodwork reprd.Stair Treads and Risers repaired.Handrail and Balusters repaired.Floors repaired.Provision of ventilated food Storage.Plaster repaired.Stove and Fireplace repaired.Copper repairedStone Steps repaired.Skylight repaired and new Cords.Intimation Notices served.Statutory Notices served.Works completed.Separation of Sexes and Overcrowding.Cleansing by Tenants and Lodgere.Cleansing of Bed Linen.Cleansing of Receptacles.Removal of Refuse Daily.Ventilation of Rooms by Lodgers.Animals in Tenements.Rooms cleansed.General.
  • Page 36
    TABLE 17.
    WARDS.Total.
    St. Mary's.St. Paul's.St. Peter's.St. John's.Trinity.All Saints'St. Michael's.' St. Jude's.St. George's.Christchurch.St. Saviour's.
  • Page 36
    TABLE 18.
  • Page 37
    TABLE 19. Proceedings taken under the Public Health and Other Acts.
    Defendant.Cause of Proceedings.Result.
  • Page 38
    Continued from previous page...
    Defendant.Cause of Proceedings.Result.
  • Page 39
    Continued from previous page...
    Defendant.Cause of Proceedings.Result.
  • Page 40
    TABLE 20 Showing the Number of Observations, &c., in regard to Smoke Nuisances made by the several Ward Inspectors during 1927.
    St. Mary's Ward.St. Paul's Ward.St. Peter's Ward.St. John's Ward.Trinity Ward.All Saints' Ward.St. Michael's Ward.St. Jude's Ward.St. George's Ward.Christchurch Ward.St. Saviour's Ward.Total for Borough.
  • Page 41
    TABLE 21 Factories, Workshops, Laundries, Workplaces and Homework. 1.—Inspection (including Inspections made by Sanitary Inspectors).
    Premises.Number
    Inspections.Written Notices.Prosecutions.
  • Page 41
    2.—Defects Found.
    Particulars.Number of Defects.Number of Prosecutions.
    Found.Remedied.Referred to H.M. Inspector.
  • Page 42
    TABLE 22. 3.—Home Work.
    Nature of Work.Outworkers' Lists, Section 107.Number of Inspections of Outworkers' Premises.Outwork in Unwholesome Premises, S. 108.Outwork in Infected Premises, Sections 109-10.
    Lists received from Employers.Nos. of Addresses of Outworkers received from other Councils.Nos. of Addresses of Outworkers forwarded to other Councils.Prosecutions.Instances.Notices served.Prosecutions.Instances.Orders made. (S. 110).Prosecutions. (Ss. 109, 10).
    Twice in the yearOnce in the year.Failing to keep or permit inspection of lists.Failing to send lists.
    Lists.Outworkers.Lists.Outworkers.
  • Page 43
    TABLE 23 4.—Registered Workshops.
    Workshops, Workplaces, &c., on the Register (S. 131) at the end of the year.Number.
  • Page 43
    5.—Other Matters.
    Class.Number.
  • Page 44
    TABLE 24. RATS AND MICE (DESTRUCTION) ACT, 1919. Summary showing investigations and inspections made during the year 1927.
    WARD.Inspections.Re-inspections.Premises where Rats were found.Action taken.Probable Source.Notices.
    By Council's Official.By Occupiers.
    By InspectorsBy Rat Officer.By InspectorsBy Rat Officer.Baits laid by Rat Officer with poisonWire Traps Set.Breakback Traps Set.Cats or Dogs.Ferrets.Rat Runs and Holes.Defective Drains.Defective Sewers.
  • Page 46
    TABLE 25. Verminous Rooms Cleansed.
    Ward.No. of Intimation Notices served.No. of Statutory Notices served.Police Court proceedings taken.Verminous rooms treated.
    (a) by Owners of Premises.(ft) by the Council's Disinfecting Staff.
  • Page 47
    CLEANSING OF PERSONS ACT, 1897. Adults sent from Lodging-houses and other places in the Borough to be cleansed during 1927. TABLE 26.
    Address.Male.Female.Total.
  • Page 48
    TABLE 27. Showing the Number and Sex of Verminous or Scabious Children treated at the Council's Station, King James Street, during 1927, and the Schools from which they were sent. These 3,443 Children received 5,417 baths during 1927.
    Name of School.Verminous.Scabious.Total.
    Boys.Girls.Boys.Girls.
  • Page 49
    Continued from previous page...
    Name of School.Verminous.Scabious.Total.
    Boys.Girls.Boys.Girls.
  • Page 50
    TABLE 28. Verminous Bedding, &c., Disinfected at the Council s Stations during 1927.
    Articles.Disinfected.Destroyed.
  • Page 51
    MORTUARIES. table 29. During the year 328 bodies were received into the Mortuaries:—
    Reasons bodies were brought to Mortuary.Collier's Rents Mortuary.Manor Place Mortuary.Total.
  • Page 52
    TABLE 30. 9.—H ousing.
  • Page 53
    TABLE 30— continued.
  • Page 54
    TABLE 31. VISITS MADE UNDER THE PUBLIC HEALTH (MEAT) REGULATIONS, 1924.
    St. Mary's Ward.St. Paul's Ward.St. Peter's Ward.St. John's Ward.Trinity Ward.All Saint's Ward.St. Michael's Ward.St. Jude's Ward.St. George's Ward.Christchurch Ward.St. Saviour's Ward.Total.
  • Page 55
    TABLE 32. Inspections of Pood at Wharves, Markets, and other places where food is stored, and the action taken by the officials during the year 1927.
    INSPECTION OF WHARVES, Ac.FOOD EXAMINED, &c.
    WARD.Inspections of Wharves and Warehouses.Inspections of Markets,Inspections of Shops or Street Stalls.Total.Parcels of Food Examined.Parcels of Food Stopped.Parcels of Food Released.Parcels of Food destroyed by consent of owner.Parcels of food seized by Inspector.Parcels of food condemned by Magistrate.Summonses taken out.
  • Page 56
    EXAMINATION OF FOOD. TABLE 33. Showing the quantity of Foodstuffs examined during the year 1927 by the several Inspectors throughout the Borough (The amount shown in this table is in addition to the total shown in Table 34.)
    Foodstuffs Examined.Quantity and Weight found Unsound.Surrendered by Owners.Seized by Inspector.Remarks.
    Foodstuffs.Quantity.Weight.Quantity.Weight.Quantity.Weight.Quantity.Weight.
  • Page 58
    Continued from previous page...
    Foodstuffs Examined.Quantity and Weight found Unsound.Surrendered by Owners.Seized by Inspector.Remarks.
    Foodstuffs.Quantity.Weight.Quantity.Weight.Quantity,Weight.QuantityWeight.
  • Page 60
    Continued from previous page...
    Foodstuffs Examined.Quantity and Weight found Unsound.Surrendered by Owners.Seized by Inspector.Remarks.
    Foodstuffs.Quantity.Weight,Quantity.Weight.Quantity.Weight.Quantity.Weight.
  • Page 62
    TABLE 34 Table showing the total quantity of Foodstuffs examined at the wharves during the year 1927, the quantity found to be unsound, the notices served and the method of disposal of the unsound portion.
    Foodstuffs.Quantity and Weight examined.Weight found to be unsound.Surrendered by Owner.Seized by Inspector. 1Notices served.How unsound portion disposed of.
    Quantity.Weight.(a) Detention.(b) Release
  • Page 64
    Continued from previous page...
    Foodstuffs.Quantity and Weight examined.Weight found to be unsound.Surrendered by Owner.Seized by Inspector.Notices served.How unsound portion disposed of.
    Quantity.Weight.(a) Detention.(b) Release
  • Page 66
    Continued from previous page...
    Foodstuffs.Quantity and Weight examined.Weight found to be unsound.Surrendered by Owner.Seized by Inspector.Notices served.How unsound portion disposed of.
    Quantity.Weight.(a) Detention.(b) Release.
  • Page 68
    Retail Register.
    Entered in Register.Removal from RegisterNot Registered. (Unsuitable, &c.)Total Applications.
    Names.Premises.Names.Premises.Names.Premises.Names.Premises
  • Page 68
    Wholesale Registeb.
    Entered in Register.Removal from RegisterNot Registered. (Unsuitable, &c.)Total Applications.
    Names.Premises.Names.Premises.Names.Premises.Names.Premises
  • Page 71
    The following are the premises:—
    Situation of Premises.Description of Business.Name of Occupiers.
  • Page 72
    Particulars of Bakehouses:—
    Position of.Total Number.Not in use.Reported satisfactory.
  • Page 72
    TOTAL INSPECTIONS DURING 1927.
    Premises.No. of Inspections.Notices.
    Intimation.Statutory.
  • Page 73
    TABLE 35. Showing the number of samples taken in each Ward of the Borough during the year.
    St. Mary's Ward.St. Paul's Ward.St. Peter's Ward.St. John's Ward.Trinity Ward.All Saints' Ward.St. Michael's Ward.St. Jude's Ward.St. George's Ward.Christchurch Ward.St. Saviour's Ward.Total.
  • Page 74
    TABLE 36 . Showing the Wards in which proceedings were taken under the Food and Drugs Act.
    St. Mary's Ward.St. Paul's Ward.St. Peter's Ward.St. John's Ward.Trinity Ward.All Saints' Ward.St. Michael's Ward.St. Jude's Ward.St. George's Ward.Christchurch Ward.St. Saviour's Ward.Total.
  • Page 75
    F OOD AND DRUGS ACTS. TABLE 37. Return of Official Samples for the Year ending 31st December, 1927, showing the number taken, and the percentage of adulterated Samples for the year.
    Article.Number of Samples taken.Adulterated.
  • Page 76
    Continued from previous page...
    Article.Number of Samples taken.Adulterated.
  • Page 77
    Continued from previous page...
    Article.No. of Samples taken.Adulterated.
  • Page 78
    TABLE 38.
    Article.No. of samples purchased by Agents.Result of Analysis.Percentage of adulterated samples.
    Genuine.Adulterated.
  • Page 79
    TABLE 39. SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS AND OTHER ACTS. PROCEEDINGS TAKEN, WITH THE RESULTS.
    Name and Address of Vendor.Sample and Number.Result of Analysis.Result of Proceedings.
  • Page 80
    The number of cases notified and the number of deaths during the last five years were as follows:—
    Notified.Deaths.
  • Page 82
    The number of cases notified and the number of deaths during the last five years were as follows:—
    Notified.Deaths.
  • Page 82
    The number of cases notified and the number of deaths during the last five years were as follows:—
    Notified.Deaths.
  • Page 84
    An analysis of the cases will be found hereunder.
    Notified.Cases treated.Vision unimpaired.Vision impaired.Total Blindness.Deaths
    At home.Hospital.
  • Page 85
    TABLE 40. NOTIFIABLE DISEASES (other than Tuberculosis) during the year 1927.
    Disease0-1-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85-MalesFemalesTotalOases admitted to HospitalTotal Deaths
  • Page 86
    TABLE 41. Cases of Infectious Disease. Notified to the Medical Officer of Health for Southwark, during each week of the year 1927.
    Week Ending.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Membranous Croup.Enteric Fever.Cerebrospinal Fever.Small-Pox.Erysipelas.Puerperal Fever.Anthrax.Ophthalmia NeonatorumPhthisis.Other forms of Tuberculosis.Measles.Encephalitis Lethargica.Epidemic Diarrhoea.Pneumonia.Polio-Myelitis.Pueperal Pyrexia.Polio-Encephalitis.Total.
  • Page 88
    TABLE 42 Return of Families Admitted into the Council's Reception House during the tear 1927.
    1927.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Small Pox.Other Diseases, &c.Verminous Persons.
    Week Ending.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.
  • Page 89
    TABLE 42— Continued.
    1927.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Small Pox.Other Diseases, &c.Verminous Persons.
    Week Ending.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.No. of Families.No. of Persons.No. of Days.
  • Page 90
    TABLE 43. The Locality of Rooms Disinfected and Stripped after the occurrence of Infectious Disease.
    St. Mary's Ward.St. Paul's Ward.St. Peter's Ward.'St. John's Ward.Trinity Ward.All Saints Ward.St. Michael's Ward.St. Jude's Ward.St. George's Ward.Christ-church Ward.St. Saviour's Ward.Total.
  • Page 91
    TABLE 44. Bedding, &c., disinfected and destroyed after the occurrence of Infectious Disease during the Year 1927.
    Articles.No. Disinfected.No. Destroyed.
  • Page 92
    TABLE 45. PUBLIC HEALTH (TUBERCULOSIS) REGULATIONS, 1912. Summary of Notifications during the period from the 2nd January, 1927, to the 31st December, 1927, in the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark.
    Age-periodsNotifications on Form A.Total Notifications on Form A.Notifications on Form B.Number of Notifications on Form C.
    Number of Primary Notifications.Number of Primary Notifications.Total Notifications on Form B.Poor Law Institutions.Sanatoria.
    0-11-55-1010-1515-2020-2525-3535-4545-5555-6565 & upwardsTotal Primary Notifications.Under 55-1010-15Total Primary Notifications.
  • Page 93
    TABLE 46. SUPPLEMENTAL RETURN. New cases of Tuberculosis coming to the knowledge of the Medical Officer of Health or Chief (Administrative) Tuberculosis Officer during the period from the 2nd January, 1927, to the 31st December, 1927, otherwise than by notification on Form A or Form B under the Public Health (Tuberculosis) Regulations, 1912.
    Age Periods0 to 11 to 55 to 1010 to 1515 to 2020 to 2525 to 3535 to 4540 to 5555 to 6565 and upwardsTotal Cases
  • Page 94
    TABLE 47. Shewing the number of Patients who died in their own homes and the number who died away from home in Hospitals or other Institutions. 1927.
    0-1-2-5-15-25-45-65-75-All Ages.
    MalesFemalesTotal
  • Page 95
    TABLE 48. TUBERCULOSIS.
    Age Periods.New Cases.*Deaths.
    Pulmonary.Non-Pulmonary.Pulmonary.Non-Pulmonary.
  • Page 96
    TABLE 49. A summary of the cases notified and other particulars in connection therewith during the year 1927.
    Cases notified during 1927.Old cases returned home from Infirmary.Visits paid at the homes of patients.Cases removed to Infirmary.Cases removed from Southwark or which died at home.Rooms periodically sprayed and otherwise disinfected.Rooms stripped on termination of cases.
  • Page 96
    TABLE 50. The Locality of the Rooms Disinfected and Stripped after the occurrence of Phthisis.
    St. Mary's Ward.St. Paul's Ward.St. Peter's WardSt. John's Ward.Trinity Ward.All Saints Ward.St. Michael's Ward.St. Jude's Ward.St. George's Ward.Christ-Church Ward.St. Saviour's Ward.Total.
  • Page 101
    TABLE 51.
    Original Visits.Revisits.Visits to Ante-Natal Cases.Visits to Post-Natal Cases.Visits to Delicate Infants.Visits to Cases of Diarrhæa and Sick Children.Attendances at Welfare CentresVisits where Mothers were found to be out.Special Visits, &c.Puerperal 1 yrexia.Total.
    Births.Measles.Ophthalmia NeonatorumBirths.Measles.Ophthalmia Neonatorum
  • Page 102
    MATERNITY AND CHILD WELFARE CENTRES. Showing the Attendances at the several Centres and Visits paid by Health Visitors. TABLE 51.
    St. John. la.St. Mary. 1b.St. Paul. 2a.St. Peter. 2b.All Saints. 3a.Lady Margaret 3b.Crossway. 4a.St. Stephens. 4b.St. Jude. 5.St. Michael. 6a.St. Savionr. 6b.St. George. 6c.Guy's. 7.TOTAL.
  • Page 109
    TABLE. A. Total number of persons examined for the first time, 816:—
  • Page 109
    TABLE. B. Patients found to be suffering from Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 188:—
  • Page 109
    TABLE. C. Patients suffering from Non-Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 63
  • Page 109
    TABLE. D. Cases (including contacts) found Non-Tuberculous, 440:—
  • Page 110
    TABLE. E. Total attendances of patients:—
  • Page 110
    TABLE. F. Number of examinations of patients:—
  • Page 110
    TABLE. G. The following cases were recommended to the London County Council for Institutional treatment (Insured Persons):—
  • Page 110
    TABLE. H. Recommendations to the County Council for Institutional treatment (Non-insured Persons):—
  • Page 111
    TABLE. I. The Nurses visited the homes of the following cases and advised the patients on the questions of environment and preventive measures:—
  • Page 111
    TABLE. J. Patients discharged during the year:—
    Insured.Non-Insured.
  • Page 112
    TABLE. L. Death-rate from Pulmonary Tuberculosis for Southwark compared with the year 1926:—
  • Page 113
    TABLE. M. Notification of fresh cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis:—
  • Page 113
    TABLE. N. Deaths from Pulmonary Tuberculosis:—
  • Page 113
    TABLE. O. Cases referred to Hospitals:—
    Insured.Non-insured
  • Page 113
    TABLE. P. Sexes of new cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis:—
  • Page 113
    TABLE. Q. Patients still attending the Dispensary on December 31st, 1927:—
  • Page 114
    TABLE. R. Sources of cases:—
    Insured.Non-insured.
  • Page 114
    TABLE. S. Contacts examined:—