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London County Council 1914

Annual report of the Council, 1914 Vol. III public health...

Published
1915
Author
Hamer, W. H.
Pages
230
Tables
144

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144 tables in this report

  • Page 2
    A.—Vital Statistics. Population. The census populations of London boroughs in 1901 and 1911 and the mid-year population in 1914, as estimated by the Registrar-General, are shown in the following table :—
    Metropolitan borough.Census Population 1st April, 1901.Census Population 3rd April, 1911.Estimated Population (middle of year 1914).Metropolitan borough.Census Population 1st April, 1901.Census Population 3rd April, 1911.Estimated Populatiou (middle of year 1914).
  • Page 4
    The expectations of life at various ages in the periods 1901-10 and 1911-12 are as follows :—
    Age xExpectation of Life at Ago x.
    Males.Females.
    1901-19101911-121901-101911-12
  • Page 4
    The following table shows the birth-rate in the several sanitary districts per 1,000 persons living in the period 1909-18 and in the year 1914 :—
    Metropolitan borough.Births, 1914 (52 weeks).Birth-rate per 1000 persons living.Metropolitan borough.Births, 1914 (52 weeks).Birth-rate per 1,000 person living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 5
    The following table shows the crude death-rates, and the death-rates corrected tor difterences in the age and sex constitution of the population of the several sanitary districts during the year 1914, and for the period 1909-13.
    Area.Factor for correction for age and sex distribution.Crude death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Corrected death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Corrected comparative mortality figure (London, 1,000).
    1909-13. ,1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 6
    The following table shows the deaths of infants under one year of age, and the number of these deaths per 1,000 births in each of the sanitary districts of the County of London for the period 1909-13 and for the year 1914 :—
    Metropolitan borough.Deaths under one year of ape, 1914 (52 weeks).Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.Metropolitan borough.Deaths under one year of age, 1914 (52 weeks).Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page -
    Report of the County Medical Officer—General.
    Cause of death.lrnder 1 Week.1-2 Weeks.2-3 Weeks.3-4 Weeks.Total under 1 Month.0-3 Months.3-6 Months.6-9 Months.9-12 Months.Total Deaths under 1 year.
  • Page -
    Comparison may be made between the number of deaths from the several causes in 1914 °f and those in antecedent years by reference to the following table •—
    Cause of death.1905. 52 weeks.1906. 52 weeks.1907. 52 weeks.190S. 53 weeks.1909. 62 weeks.1910. 52 weeks.1911. 52 weeks.1912. 52 weeks.1913. 53 weeks.1914. 52 weeks.Deaths in 1914 in excess or defect of t lie corrected average for 1905-13.
    Diminution in 1914.Excess in 1914.
  • Page -
    Annual Report of the London County Council, 1914. With a view to comparing the rates of mortality from the several groups of diseases, per 1,000 bom, in the years 1905-14, the following table has been prepared:—
    Year.All causes.Measles.Whooping-cough.Diarrhceal diseases.Wasting diseases.Tuberculous diseases.Meningitis and convulsions.Bronchitis.Pneumonia.Other causes.
  • Page 9
    The countries are arranged in order of the actual decline in the annual average birth-rate in 1906-10 as compared with 1901-5 :—
    Area.Decrease in annual average birth rate per 1,000 Living. 1901-5 to 1006-10.Decrease in infant mortality per 1,00 i births, 1901-5 to 1906-10.
  • Page 10
    In this connection it is interesting to note certain changes in the recorded relative incidence of premature birth and atrophy, etc., as the cause of death, among legitimate and illegitimate children, exhibited in the following table:—
    AreaAssigned cause of death.1911.1912.1913.
    Legitimate births.Illegitimate births.Legitimate births.Illegitimate births.Legitimate births.Illegitimate births.
  • Page 11
    Report of the County Medical Officer—General. districts in London, and from the information thus received the following table has been prepared:—
    Metropolitan borough.Total births notified (corrected for institutions).Stillbirths (corrected).Births less still-births (corrected).Births registered (corrected).Excess of registered over notified births (corrected).
  • Page 11
    The number and percentage of still-births and of multiple-births notified in 1914 (uncorrected for institutions) is shown in the following table:—
    Metropolitan borough.Total births notified.still- births.Percentage still born.Multiple-births.Percentage of mothers delivered of more than one child at a biilh.
    Twins.Triplets.Total born.
    Cases.Stillborn.Cases.Stillborn.
    Oneboth.One.Two. |Three
  • Page 13
    The following table shows the proportion of children born in London in each year who were not finally accounted for in respect of vaccination.
    Year.Children not finally accounted for (incl dingcise.spost-pon d pr;r cent, of total births.Year.Children no' tin-illy accounted for (including ca-es postponed) per cent, of tuial births.Year.Children not ft ally Hcceunttd for (including ca espostponed ) per cent, of tot 1 birtus.Year.hildien not finally accoun1 ed for (including cases postponed; percen . of total births.
  • Page 13
    During these years the proportion of children exempted by certificate of conscientious objection, together with the proportion of children not finally accounted for, in the several Unions, has been as folioW3: —
    Metropolian Un on.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.1905.1906.1907.1908.1909.1910.1911.1912.
  • Page 14
    The following table shows the deaths from measles, in 1914(52 weeks) and the death-rates in 1909-13 and 1914 in each of the sanitary districts of the County:—
    Metropolitan borough.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1.000 persons living.Metropolitan borough.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 15
    The following table shows the scarlet fever cases, deaths, case-rates, and death-rates for the year 1914 and the case-rates and death-rates for the period 1909-13 in the several sanitary districts.
    Metropolitan borough.Notified cases, 1914 (52 weeks).Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks)Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 15
    In the age-groups adopted for the purposes of this table, the greatest incidence of attack was upon males and females aged 5-10 years; the greatest incidence of death was upon males and females aged 3—4; and the fatality was highest among males and females aged 0-2 years, if ages over 45 years be disregarded, the figures for one year being too small to afford representative rates.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Notified cases. 52 weeks.Deaths. 365 days.Case-mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.Notified cases. 52 weeks.Deaths. 365 days.Case-mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 16
    The following table shows the diphtheria cases, deaths, case-rates, and death-rates for the year 1914, and the case-rates and death-rates for the period 1909-13, in the several sanitary districts:—
    Metropolitan borough.Notified Cases. 1914 (52 weeks).Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 17
    The greatest incidence of death was upon males aged 1-2 years and females aged 4-5 years, and the fatality was greatest among males and females under 1 year of age, if ages 55 and upwards be disregarded, the figures for one year being too small to afford representative rates.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Notified Cases, 52 weeks.Deaths, 365 days.Case mortality per cent.Bates per 100,000 living.Notified Cases, 52 weeks.Deaths, 365 days.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 17
    It will be seen from diagram (M) facing page 16 that the percentage of cases of diphtheria admitted to the hospitals of the Metropolitan Asylums Board exceeded that of previous years.
    Metropolitan borough.Diphtheria.—Comparative case-rate (London case-rate taken as 100).
    189118921893189418951896189718981899190019011902190319041905190619071908190919101911191219131914
  • Page 18
    Ihe following table shows the whooping-cough deaths and death-rates for the year 1914 and the death-rates for the period 1909-13 in the several sanitary districts:—
    Metropolitan borough.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Metropolitan Borough.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 19
    The following table shows the typhoid fever cases, deaths, case-rates and death-rates for the year 1914, arid the case-rates and death-rates for the period 1909-13 in the several sanitary districts—
    Metropolitan borough.Notified cases, 1914 (52 weeks).Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 19
    In the age groups adopted for the purposes of this table, the greatest incidence of attack was upon males aged 20-25 and females aged 10-15 ; the greatest incidence of death was upon males 20.5 and females 15-20; and the fatality was greatest among males and females over 55 years of age.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Notified Oases. 52 weeks.Deaths. 365 days.Case-mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.Notified Cases. 52 weeks.Deaths. 365 days.Case-mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 20
    Out of a total number of 789 cases notified, in 1914, information was given in some 400, and the ascribed sources of infection were:—
    Cases.Cases.Cases.
  • Page 25
    The deaths and death-rates from diarrhoea and enteritis among infants under two years of age for the year 1914 in each of the sanitary districts of London, are shown in the following table:—
    Metropolitan borough.Deaths 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 births.Metropolitan borough.Deaths 1914 (52 weeks).Death-rate per 1,000 births.
  • Page 26
    Erysipelas. The deaths from erysipelas in the Administrative County of London during 1914 (52 weeks numbered 213, as compared with 131 in 1913 (53 weeks). The age-distribution of these deaths was as follows:—
    Under 1 Year.1—5 —10—15—20—25--35—45—55—65—75 +All ages
  • Page 26
    The number of cases of erysipelas notified and the case-rate for the year 1914, together with the case-rates for the period 1903-13, in the several sanitary districts are shown in the following table:—
    Metropolitan borough.Notified Cases 1914 (52 Weeks).Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Metropolitan borough.Notified Cases, 1914 (52 weeks).Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 26
    The following table shows the age and sex distribution of the notified cases of erysipelas in 1914—
    Sex.Under 1 year.1-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.All Ages.
  • Page 26
    The age-distribution of cases notified and of deaths during 1914 was as follows—
    15-20-25-35Total (15-45)
  • Page 28
    The factors for correction, also shown in the table, have been calculated by applying the 1911 census population, at each age and for each sex, of each of the London sanitary districts, to the death-rates, at each age and for each sex, obtaining in England and Wales during the decennium 1901-1910:—
    Metropolitan borough.Factor for correction for age and sex distribution.Crude death-rate.Corrected death-rate.Comparative mortality figure. (London 1,000.)
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 29
    Under this order the Council has made the following summary return of cases of tuberculosis notified in the County of London in 1914 (52 weeks).
    Form of Tuberculosis notified.Sex.Notifications on Form A. (Total of primary notifications received in London boroughs, other than elementary school cases, infra.)
    0—1—5—10—15—20—25—35—45—55—65 +Age not stated.Total.
  • Page 29
    Under this order the Council has made the following summary return of cases of tuberculosis notified in the County of London in 1914 (52 weeks).
    Form of Tuberculosis notified.Sex.Notifications on Form B. (Primary notifications of cases discovered through medical inspection in elementary schools.)Notifications on Form C. (Secondary notifications from institutions receiving cases.)
    0—5—10—15 +Total.Poor-law.Other.
  • Page 30
    These factors are shown in the following table, together with the death-rates for each sanitary district, corrected by their application.
    Metropolitan borough.Factor for correction for age and sex distribution.Crude death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Corrected death-rate por 1,000 persons living.Comparative mortality figure (London 1,000).
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 30
    Influenza, Bronchitis and Pneumonia. The deaths attributed to influenza, which in 1913 numbered 863 (53 weeks), fell to 602 in 1914 (52 weeks). The deaths from bronchitis numbered 5,233 in 1914, as compared with 5,792 in 1913. In 1914 there were 5,519 deaths attributed to pneumonia, as compared with 5,887 in 1913. The deaths and death-rates from these diseases since 1889 have been as follows:—
    Year.Influenza (a)Bronchitis (a)Pneumonia (a)Year.Influenza (a)Bronchitis (a)Pneumonia (a)
  • Page 31
    The distribution of deaths (a) from influenza throughout the year (b) for each of the years 1891 to 1914 is shown in the following table:-
    No. of weeks.18911189218931891189518961897 189818991900190119021903 190411903190619071908190919101911191219131914
  • Page 31
    Cerebrospinal Meningitis. The number of cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis notified during 1914, viz., 73 cases (including one in the Port of London), was the lowest recorded since the disease was made notifiable in London (12th March, 1907) as will be seen from the subjoined statement:—
    Year.Cases notified.Year.Cases notified.
  • Page 32
    The progress of the disease during the first five months of the year 1915 is shown below:—
    January.February.March.April.May.
  • Page 33
    The age distribution of cases was as follows—
    0-11-55-1010-1515-2020-2525-3535-4545-5555-6565& up.
  • Page 36
    The table is as follows:—
    Week ending.Cases of reported influenza among 3,000 of Council's staff.Estimated cases of influenza in London population based on L.C.C. staff returns.Proportion of London population attacked by influenza in each week.No. of cases ol cereoro-spinal fever occurring in each week.No. of cases of cerebro-Bpinal fever giving a history of suffering from influenza within 7 days of onset of cerebrospinal fever.Probability (p) of the occurrence of the number of cases shown in previous column.
    1234567
  • Page 37
    Polio-myelitis and polio-encephalitis. Acute polio-myelitis has been a notifiable disease in London since 1st September, 1911. Since then the undermentioned numbers of cases have been recorded annually.
    No. of cases.
  • Page 37
    Acute polio-myelitis attacks mainly young children, but is by no means unknown among adults. The age distribution during 1914 is shown below:—
    Ages.Under 1 year1—2-3—4—5—6—7—8—910—2020-30
  • Page 37
    There was a noteworthy increase in the number of notified cases of poliomyelitis during the autumn of 1914 more particularly in the East End, and chiefly in Stepney; the local distribution throughout London was as follows:—
    WestEast.
  • Page 38
    Anthrax. Anthrax in human beings is of very rare occurrence in London, as will be noted in the subjoined statement, which shows the number of cases which have occurred since the disease was made compul-sorily notifiable in London by order of the Council, 6th April, 1909:—
  • Page 39
    The temperature and rainfall in each month of the year 1911 re shown in the following table:—
    Month.Temperature of the air.Departure of mean monthlyRain and other forms of precipitation.Departure of mean monthly-rainfall from average of preceding 65 years.
    Absolute maximum.Absolute minimum.Mean for the mouth.temperature from average of preceding 70 years.Number of days it fell.Amount collected.
  • Page 40
    Table I. COUNTY OF LONDON. Vital statistics for the decennia 1851-1860 to 1901-1910 and for the years 1905 to 1914. (Marriage- birth- and mortality-rates per 1,000 living).
    Period.Persons married.Births.Deaths.Tnfant Mortality.Small-pox.Measles.Scarlet lever.Diphtheria.Whooping Cough.Typhus.Typhoid Fever.Erysipelas.Puerperal Fever.Phthisis.Cancer.
    Per 1,000 living.Minors, per cent, of total.Per 1,000 living.Per 1.000 aged 0-5.Per 1,000 living.Per 1000 aged 0-5.Per 1,000 living.Per-1,000 births.
    Males.Females.
  • Page 41
    Table II. COUNTY OF LONDON. Incidence of the principal notifiable infectious diseases during the period 1891-1914. (Cases notified per 1,000 living and mortality rates per 100 cases).
    Period.Small-pox. Cases per 1,000 living.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Typhoid Fevei.Erysipelas. Cases per 1,000 living.Puerperal Fever. Cases per 1,000 births.
    Cases per 1,000 living.Deaths per 100 cases.Cases per 1,000 living.Deaths per 100 cases.Cases per 1,000 living.Deaths per 100 cases.
  • Page 42
    Table III. Vital statistics for the County of London in 1909-1913 and 1914, and the corresponding statistics for Greater London and large towns of England and Wales. (Birth- and mortality- rates per 1,000 living.)
    Town.Births.Deaths.Infant Mortality.Small-pox.Measles.Scarlet Fever.Diphtheria.Whooping-cough.Diarrhea deaths age 0-2 per 1000 births 1914.
    1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.1909-13.1914.
  • Page 43
    The Council received during the year 108 applications for cowhouse licences, 164 of which were granted. The numbers of applications for licences received during the last twenty-one years and the numbers granted are shown in the following table. It will be seen that the number of these premises in London is continually decreasing.
    Year.No. of applications received.No. of premises for which licences were granted.Year.No. of applications received.No. of premises for which licences were granted.
  • Page 43
    The following table relating to cowsheds has been thus prepared:—
    Metropolitan borough.Number of cowshed premises.Number of inspections by the sanitary authority, 1914.-Number of prosecutions by sanitary authoritv, 1914."
    On register at end of 1913.Added in 1914.Removed in 1914.On register at end of 1914.
  • Page 44
    The table has mainly been compiled from information contained in the annual reports: —
    Metropolitan borough.Number of premises. (a)Number of inspections, 1914.Number of prosecutions, 1914.
    On register at end of 1913.Added in 1914.Removed in 1914.On register at end of 1914.
  • Page 45
    During the year 1914, there were five inspections of the cows kept in London cowsheds and the results of the examinations of the veterinary inspector at these routine inspections are given in the subjoined table:—
    Details of Examination.1st Period.2nd Period.3rd Period.4th Period.6th Period.
    29th Jan., to 20th March.21st March to 20th June.2l8t June to 3rd Sept.4th Sept. to 24th Oct.25th Oct. to 26th Dec.
  • Page 46
    The following table shows the number of samples taken during the year under review, the counties from which they were despatched, and the results of bacteriological examination at the Lister Institute.
    County.No. of samples taken from churns for examination.No. of samples found to be tuberculous.No. of samples found not to be tuberculous.No. of samples the examination of which was not completed owing to accident and other causes.
  • Page 47
    The following table shows the number of farms visited, the number of cows inspected and the results of the inspections:—
    County.No. of farms inspected.No. of cows inspected.Result of inspection.
  • Page 48
    Offensive Businesses. In the year 1914 the County Council received 213 applications for licences for slaughter-houses and granted 210. The following table shows the numbers of applications received and the numbers of slaughter-houses licensed in recent years. It will be seen that the numbers of these premises is continually decreasing •:—
    Year.No. of applications received.No. of premises for which licences were granted.Year.No. of applications received.No. of premises for which licences were granted.
  • Page 48
    The number of slaughter-houses in each metropolitan borough (other than those under the jurisdiction of the City Corporation) and the frequency with which these slaughter-houses were inspected, is shown in the following table :—
    Metropolitan borough.Number of slaughter-houses (a).No. of inspections, 1914.No. of notices, 1914.
    Licensed at end of 1913.Licence lapsed or refused in 1914.Remaining at end of 1914.
  • Page 48
    The number of authorised offensive businesses, except those in the markets under the jurisdiction of the City Corporation, at the end of the year was as follows :—
  • Page 49
    The boroughs in which these premises are situated, the number of premises, and, for most boroughs, the number of inspections, are shown in the following table:—
    Metropolitan borough.No. on Register at end of 1914.No. of inspections, 1911,Metropolitan borough.No. on Register at end of 1914.No. of inspections 1914.
  • Page 49
    The following table, which is compiled entirely from information contained in the annual reports, shows the action taken by sanitary authorities in respect of smoke nuisance during the year, so far as this is stated in those reports.
    Metropolitan borough.Observations and inspections.Nuisances and complaints.No. of | Notices.Summonses.
  • Page 50
    Information of these proceedings is not given in tabular form in several of the reports, and the following table has been mainly compiled from the information otherwise contained in them:—
    Metropolitan borough.No. of houses inspected.No. of houses dealt with under Section 15.No. of representations, 1914.No. of closing orders, 1914.No. of houses, defects remedied without closing orders.No. of houses, defects remedied after closing orders.No. of houses demolished.Remarks.
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
  • Page 50
    Underground Rooms. The number of underground rooms dealt with in 1914 in the several metropolitan boroughs is shown in the following table :—
    Metropolitan borough.No. of room? illegally occupied.No. of rooms closed or illegal occupation discontinued.Metropolitan borough.No. of rooms illegally occupied.No. of rooms closed or illegal occupation discontinued.
  • Page 51
    Overcrowding. The following table, showing the number of dwelling rooms found overcrowded, according to the standard prescribed by the bylaws relating to houses let in lodgings, in each metropolitan borough, is compiled from information supplied by the medical officers of health, in their annual reports :—
    Metropolitan borough.No. of dwelling-rooms overcrowded.No. remedied.No. of prosecutions.
  • Page 51
    Houses let in lodgings. The following table has been compiled from the annual reports of medical officers of health, and shows the number of houses let in lodgings on the register, the number of inspections, notices issued and proceedings taken during the year 1914.
    Metropolitan borough.Number of places.No. of Inspections, 1914.No. of Prosecutions, 1914.
    On register at end of 1913.Addedin 1914.Removed in 1914.On register at end of 1914.
  • Page 52
    2 Annual Report of the London County Council, 1914.
    Metropolitan borough.Number of places.No. of inspections, 1914.No. of prosecutions, 1914.
    On register at end of 1913.Addedin 1914.Removed in 1914.On register at end of 1914.
  • Page 52
    Death Rates in Council's Dwellings. The following death-rates obtaining among tenants of the Council's buildings relate to dwellings within the county which were occupied during the whole of the year 1914. The population thus dealt with comprised 30,867 persons, and the death-rate at " all ages, ' after correction for age and sex distribution, was 8'8 per 1,000 living, compared with 14 4 for London :—
    Cause of death.Death-rate per 1,000 living, 1914.
    Council's dwellings.London.
  • Page 53
    In the lollowing table will be seen the number ot houses, the authorised number ot loagers, tne number of convictions, with the penalties inflicted, and other particulars during each year since 1894
  • Page 53
    Ihe following table shows the total number ot common lodging houses, ana the authorised accommodation for the different classes of lodgers in the several districts other than the City of London on 31st December, 1914 :—
    Metropolitan boroughs.Number of Houses.Authorised Accommodation.
    Men.Women.Couples.Total.
  • Page 54
    Table showing the number of deaths of males at five age periods from certain causes per 1,000 deaths from all causes in London (1913) and licensed common lodging-houses (1913 and 1914).
    Cause of death.Age 25 to 35.Age 35 to 45.Age 45 to 55.Age 55 to 65.Age 65 and upwards.
    London, 1913.C.L.H. 1913.C.L.H, 1014.London. 1913-O.L.H. "l,CL.H. 1014.London, 1013.C.L.H. 1913.C.L.H. 1914London 1918.C.L.H. 1913.C.L.H. 1914.London. 1913.C.L.H. 1913.C.L.H. 1914.
  • Page 55
    At the end of the year 1914, the number of seamen's lodging houses under supervision was 35, situated in the following metropolitan boroughs :—
    Metropolitan borough.Houses.Lodgers.
  • Page 55
    In the following table will be seen the number of houses, the authorised number of lodgers, the number of convictions, with the penalties inflicted, and other particulars, during each year since the supervision of seamen's lodging-houses was undertaken by the Council:—
    Year. JNo. of houses on register.Authorised number of lodgers.No. of daj-visits by inspectors.No. of night visits.No. ofprosecutions.No. of convictions.Penalties and costs.No. of cases of infectious disease.
    £s.d.
  • Page 73
    The qualification of the London midwives is as follows:—
    Qualification of Midwife.Number not giving notice of intention to practise.Number giving notice of intention to practise.Total.
  • Page 75
    The medical evidence given at the inquests as to the cause of death was as follows:—
    Mothers.Infants.
  • Page 75
    Early information of notified cases of puerperal fever is received from the Metropolitan Asylums Board or from the borough medical officers, and particulars as to the person by whom the patient was delivered have been supplied by the latter. The following table gives the results of the inquiries relative to these cases notified and unnotified:—
    Delivery conducted byCases.Deaths.
  • Page 76
    The cause of death as stated in the death certificates in the fatal cases occurring in London is shown in the following table:—
    Cause of death.Notified cases.Unnotified cases.Total.
  • Page 76
    The age incidence of the 462 cases was as follows:-
    Total.15-2020-2525-3535-45Over 45
  • Page 76
    The following table shows the day of the puerperium on which (a) the rise of temperature if noted) occurred, (b) medical aid was obtained, and (c) if fatal the death took place.
    Day of confinement.2nd day.3rd day.4 th day.5th day.6th day.7th day.8th day.9th day.10th day.After l0th day.Not stated,Total.
  • Page 77
    The parity of women who contracted puerperal fever was ascertained from the midwife to be:—
    Total.Primipara..2 para.3 para.4 para.5 para.6 para.7 para.8 para.9 para.10 para.Over 10 para.Not stated.
  • Page 77
    The following conditions were noted among the cases of puerperal fever attended by midwives:—
    Recovery.Fatal.
  • Page 79
    The results obtained from the examination of samples in connection with the statutes referred to are summarised in the following table:—
    Satisfactory.Unsatisfactory.Total.
  • Page 79
    (iii) Stores supplied to the Council and its Committees:—
    Satisfactory.Unsatisfactory.Total.
  • Page 86
    These cases were referred for examination as indicated in the subjoined table:-
    Routine.Reinspection.Specials.Referred by
    Boys.Girls.Boys.Girls.Boys.Girls.
  • Page 87
    The percentages for boys and girls of each age group assessed as good (1), fair (2) and poor are given in the following table together with the corresponding figures of the two previous years:—
    Entrants.8-9.Leavers.
    123123123
  • Page 87
    The following tables give the percentages for cleanliness of the head and body respectively, classified as (1) which may be taken as " clean," as (2) "dirty," with, in the case of the head, a few nits, and as (3) verminous.
    --Entrants.8-9.Leavers.
    123123123
  • Page 88
    The combined figures for head and body for 1912 were as follows:—
    Entrants.8-9.Leavers.
  • Page 88
    The teeth are classified on a rough inspection into 3 groups, (1) apparently healthy, (2) a certain amount of caries, (3) a considerable amount of caries with sepsis of the mouth.
    Entrants.8-9.Leavers.
  • Page 89
    An analysis of the cases noted in the 1st term of 1914 was made under the four headings set out below:—
    Entrants.8-9.Leavers.Total.
    Cases found.Cases for treatment.Cases found.Cases for treatment.Cases found.Cases for treatment.Found.For treatment.
  • Page 90
    Corneal opacities 138 (10 noted for treatment), Squint 675 (201 noted for treatment). The percentages for each age group are:—
    Entrants.8-9.Leavers.
    Noted.Referred for treatment.Noted.Referred for treatment.Noted.Referred for treatment.
  • Page 90
    The following table gives an analysis of the children at the two age groups in which vision testing is possible. The children are divided into three classes, (i.) normal vision, (ii.) slight defect, (iii.) severe defect:—
    I.II.III.IV.
    6/6 in both eyes.6/9 in either or both eyes.6/12 or worse in either or both eyes.Cases for treatment.
  • Page 91
    The following table gives the comparison with the corresponding percentages of the previous year:-
    Class I. %Class II.%Class III.%
  • Page 92
    Children aged 12. Special Schools (Mentally Defective Children).
    Right Eye.Left Eye.
    6/66/96/126/186/246/366/60 or worse.Total.
  • Page 96
    Some of the most striking cases of these divergences from the normal are as follows :—
    Actual Age.Height.Age of normal child of this height.Weight.Age of normal child of this weight.
    Normal.Actual.Normal.J Actual.
  • Page 96
    The divergence from normal in height and weight of these children graduated in steps of 5 centi-metres in height and 1.5 kilograms in weight is as follows :—
    No. of children.
    Total.No. of kilograms below normal weight.
    1.5 or less.1.5—3.0.3.0—4.5.4.5 or more.
  • Page 99
    On 31st December, 1914, there were 25 inspecting dentists engaged in the public health department. The following table gives the details of the inspections held during the year.
    Centro.No. of children examined.No. of children found to require treatment.Percentage of cases requiring treatment.
  • Page 107
    Table showing percentages of each class of defect treated by the time of the first re-inspection and percentages of the remainder treated by the time of the second re-inspection.
    Defect.Re-inspection.Treated.No treatment required.Still requiring treatment.
  • Page 107
    The result of the two re-inspections taken together is shown in the following table giving the numbers cured or still requiring treatment, per 100 cases of each defect referred for treatment.
    Treated and completely cured.Cured naturally without treatment, or for observation only.Treated but not completely cured.Not treated and still requiring treatment.
  • Page 110
    An analysis is given in the following table of the action taken in cases in which further following-up was considered advisable.
    Division.New cases.Total returnsReferred for examination by divisional medical officer.Divisional medical officer informed.Referred to attendance officer for further enquiry.Referred for examination for special school.Referred for examination by ophthalmologist.Epileptics registered as suitable for residential treatment.Referred to organiser of care committees.
  • Page 111
    The following table shows the increases in the stature and weight of the children :— Average Weight in Kilograms.
    Boys.Girls.
    Year of5th25th50thIncrease during5th25th50thIncrease during
    birth.week.week.week.whole period.week.week.week.whole period.
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)
  • Page 112
    Average Height in Centimetres.
    Boys.Girls.
    Year of birth. (1)5th week. (2)25th week. (3)50th week. (4)Increase during whole period. (5)5th week (6)25th week. (7)50th week. (8)Increase during whole period. (9)
  • Page 113
    The table below, which shows the average weight in kilograms at the commencement of fh<' year compared with the corresponding averages of all London elementary school children, clcarly indicates inferior physique in the case of the selected girls :—
    Boys.Girls.
    Age last birthday. (1)No. of children. (2)Average weight on admission. (3)Average weight of all L.C.C. school boys. (4)Age last birthday. (5)No. of children. (6)Average weight on admission. (7)Average weight of all L.C.C. school girls. (8)
  • Page 113
    Table showing the average weekly gain in weight (in kilograms) at various ages, compared with the corresponding average weekly gain of all London elementary school children :—
    Boys.Girls.
    Age last birthday. (1)No. of children. (2)Average weekly gain. (»)Average weekly gain in standard boys. (0Age last birthday. (5)No. of children. (6)Average weekly gain. (7)Average weekly gain in standard girls. (8)
  • Page 113
    Table showing the weekly increase in weight expressed as percentage of body-weight on admission, compared with the corresponding percentage of increases in all London elementary school children :
    Boys.Girls.
    Age last birthday. (1)Birley House, 1914. (2)Birley House. 1913. (3)London elementary schools, 1906. (4)Age last birthday. (5)Birley House, 1914. (8)Birley House. 1913. (7)London elementary schools, 1906. (8)
  • Page 115
    Table showing where rest was taken :—
    Month.In the wood.In the field.In the bungalow.From wood or field to bungalow on account of rain.Fires. No, of days.
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
  • Page 116
    The heights and weights which showed satisfactory advances, are set out in the following table:-
    Age.Average weight.Average height.
    April, 1914. kilograms.January, 1915. kilograms.April, 1914. c.m.January. 1916. c.m.
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)
  • Page 120
    The following table shows the results of the examination in those schools where the cleansing scheme, as applied to heads, has been put into operation during the year.
    DepartmentNumber ExaminedNumber CleanNumber slightly dirty headsNumber verminousNumber Red Yellow Cards servedNumber White Cards .servedNumber Red Cards servedNumber Proposed for ExclusionNumber Excluded for Prosecution
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
  • Page 121
    Daring the year 378 parents were fined amounts varying from 1s. 6d. to 10s. with 2s. costs. The following table compares the work done in the year under review with that for the year 1913.
    Number examined.Number clean.Number verminous.Number returned clean.Number of statutory notices served.Number cleansed at stations.
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
  • Page 121
    The following table shows the number of notices issued during 1913 and the action taken by the local authority.
    Borough.No. of notifications sent.Total number of homes visited.Home visite and no necessity reported to exist for disinfecting rooms or bedoing.Home in which rows or bedding or both were disinfected.Notice served.No action taken.No report.
  • Page 122
    Annual Report of the London Couty Council, 1914 .
    Borough.Analysis of action taken in the homes.
    No. of notifications sent.Total number of homes visited.Home visited and no necessily repered to exist for disinfecting rooms or bedding.Home in which rooms or beddding or both were disinfected.Notice served.No act on taken.No report.
  • Page 126
    The accompanying diagram (C) compares the weekly notifications or cases of scarlet tever and diphtheria occurring amongst school children and persons of all ages during 1914.
    Disease.Total numbers notified.Weekly mean.
    Year.All ages.Elementary school children.All ages.Elementary school children.
  • Page 129
    The numbers of schools under special observation during the year for diphtheria, scarlet fever and measles are shown in the following table:—
    Disease.Departments.Total numbers of departments.Total numbers of schools.
    Boys.Girls.Mixed.Infants.Special.
  • Page 130
    The subjoined table shows the number of closures of departments or classrooms and special exclusions of groups of children which were resorted to during the year for the purpose of preventing the spread of infection.
    Action taken.Number of occasions on which exclusions or closures were carried out.
    Measles.Whooping cough.Scarlet fever.Measles, whooping cough and diphtheria,
  • Page 130
    Ringworm.—The following table gives the numbers of new cases, cured cases, and those outstanding at the end of each school term :—
    Terms.New Cases reported.Cured cases.Suffering cases at end of term.
    No.Treatment by which cures effected.No.Treatment being obtained.
  • Page 131
    Report of the County Medical Officer—Education.
    Year.Specimens submitted.Ringworm found.Favus found.Fungus not found.Insufficient material.
  • Page 131
    Industrial schools and residential special schools.—The following table shows the number of cases of infectious diseases reported from industrial schools and residential special schools during 1914. It will be noted that these institutions were singularly free from epidemic illness and communicable diseases generally:—
    Institution.Accommodation.Age.Scarlet Fever.Dipththeria.Measles.Mumps.Whooping cough.| Chickenpox.Scabies.Impetigo.Infective Conjunctivitis.Ringworm.
  • Page 131
    Places of detention.—The number of cases of infectious diseases occurring in the places of detention is shown in the table below:—
    Institution.Accommodation.Age.Diseases.
    Scarlet fever.Diphtheria.Measles.Mumps.Whooping cough.Chicken-pox.Scabies.Impetigo.Infective Conjunctivitis.Ringworm.
  • Page 132
    The number of special schools is as follows, the total average roll is about 12,500:—
  • Page 135
    The total number of children seen at admission examinations during the year was 6,963, and the following table compares the results with those of the previous year.
    Classification. (1)1914.1913.
    Boys. (2)Girls. (3)TotaL (4)Total. (5)
  • Page 136
    Classification. (1)1914.1913.
    Boys. (2)Girls. (3)Total. (4)Total. (5)
  • Page 136
    The number of medical examinations under this head during the year was 14,026. The following table compares the recommendations made as regards re-classification in the case of scholars attending the schools for the mentally and physically defective, with the recommendations for the previous year (1913).
    Sex. (1)Elementary school. (2)Blind and Myope. (3)Deaf and partially deaf. (4)P.D. to M.D. (5)M.D. to P.D. (6)Excluded Imbecile. (7)Invalid. (8)Exemption recommended. (9)
  • Page 136
    The following return shows the categories under which exceptional children recorded in the area of the Council, on the 31st December, 1914, have been certified at special examinations:—
  • Page 137
    These data have been compared with those of defectives in the special schools, with epileptics, and with normal children as reported in the annual report for 1912.
    Type.Number Observed.Size of Fraternity.Number dead when index child was aged 7.Order of Birth.
  • Page 137
    The family history of the defectives revealed the following data:—
    Member of Family Allected.Pathological Condition.
    Epilepsy.Alcoholism.Insanity.Feeblemindedness.
  • Page 137
    As might have been expected there is a considerable history of constitutional defects, the following percentages being recorded:—
  • Page 138
    The head dimensions are recorded in the accompanying table:—
    Age.Circumference of head in inches.
    1717½1818½1919½2020½2121½2222½
  • Page 138
    In a certain number of cases information was available as to the age at which the children were able to walk and talk ; the result being as follows:—
    [ Age in years.
    I2345G78LaterNil.
  • Page 139
    The results are shown in the following table which indicates that the mental condition is better in the cases of the spinal than of the cerebral paralysis, and of the latter the cases of hemiplegia are better than those of spastic diplegia or paraplegia.
    Above Average.Average.Below Average.Definitely below average Almost on border lino of mental deficiency.
  • Page 139
    D. A. C. Williams has contributed the following analysis from the medical record cards of the 3,631 children who have been in attendance at schools for the physically defective during the year:—
  • Page 139
    The actual changes in the percentage distribution in the years 1907, 1908, 1912, and 1914, during which the medical details were collected on a uniform basis were as follows:—
    Defect.1907190819121914
  • Page 140
    Since the establishment of the three centres for the partially deaf at Ackmar-road, Stanley-street and Hearnville-road, 121 children have been dealt with, as shown in the following table.
    Number. (1)Ackmar-road. (Opened 12.9.10.) (2)Stanley -street-. (Opened 13.10.13) (3)Hoarnvillo-road. (Opened 20.10.13.) (4)Totals. (5)
  • Page 147
    During the year, the quantities of sewage, etc., treated and disposed of were as follows:—
    Northern outfall. Gallons.Southern outfall. Gallons.Total. Gallons.
  • Page 147
    The quantities of chemicals used in precipitation were as follows:— -
    Tons.Tons.Tons.
  • Page 151
    The following are the results of the year 1914-15, after interest and sinking fund charges have been met. The results for the year 1918-14 are also given for the purpose of comparison.
    1914-151913-14
    Dwellings—£s.d.£s.d.
  • Page 152
    The results of the year's working under the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890, are as follows:—
    £s.d.
  • Page 152
    The total expenditure on dwellings was £156,679.
    1913-14.Per cent, of gross rental.1914-15.Per cent. of gross rental.
  • Page 154
    The total expenditure on dwellings was £50,767.
    1918-14.Per cent. of gross rental.1914-15Per cent. of gross rental
    £Working Expenses—£
  • Page 154
    Financial Results of all Dwellings and Estates to 31st March, 1915. The total financial results on all dwellings and estates from April, 1394 (the date of the opening of the first block) to the 31st March, 1915, apart from contributions from or to rates, are as follows—
    Dwellings—
    Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890—£s.d.
  • Page -
    APPENDIX 1. Classification of children as to condition of clothing, nutrition, cleanliness and condition of teeth. Percentage in each class. 1 = good ; 2 = fair ; 3 = poor; 4= malnutrition.
    Number of children examined.Condition of clothing and foot.gear.Condition as regards nutrition.Cleanliness of head.Cleanliness of body.Condition of teeth.
    1231234123123123
  • Page -
    APPENDIX 1.—(Contd.) Classification of children as to condition of clothing, nutrition, cleanliness and condition of teeth. Percentage in each class.
    Number of children examined.Condition of clothing and foot gear.Condition as regards nutrition.Cleanliness of head.Cleanliness of body.Condition of teeth.
    1231234123123123
  • Page -
    APPENDIX 1.(Contd.) Classification of children as to condition of clothing, nutrition, cleanliness and condition of teeth. Percentage in each class.
    Number of children examined.Condition of clothing and foot.gear.Condition as regards nutrition.Cleanliness of head.Cleanliness of body.Condition of teeth.
    1231234123123123
  • Page -
    APPENDIX II. Statement showing the various hospitals and centres included in the Council's scheme, and the annual provision made as from the 1st January, 1915, for the treatment of the specified ailments.
    Hospital or Centre.Eyes.Ear, Nose & Throat.Ring-worm.Nursing Treatment.Teeth.Total number provided for in agreement.
  • Page -
    APPENDIX III. SUMMARY OP MEDICAL INSPECTION. F—Denotes Defects found, (x)—Signifies Cases referred for treatment.
    SCHOOL.Number of children examined.Clothing and footgear.Nutrition.Cleanliness and condition of skin.Teeth.Nose and throat.Eyes.Ears.Speech.Mental Condition.Heart.Lung defects.Diseases of Nervous system.TuberculosisRickets.Deformities.Infectious diseases.Malnutrition.Glands (other than throatOther defects.Cards Issued.Parents Presents.
    Head.Body.Skin.1.2.3.Defects.Tonsils.Adenoids.Tonsils and Adenoids.Other defects.Glands.Eye disease.Vision.Disease.Hearing.Stammering.Other defects.Heart disease.Anaemia.Phthisis.Other forms.
    1.2.3.1.2.3.4.1231.2.3.Defect.Disease.(x)f.(x)f.f.(x)f.(x)f.(X)f.(x)1.2.3.(X)f.(X)f.' (X)f.(X)f.(X)1.2.3.4.M.D.mb.f.(x)f.(X)f.(x)f.(x)f.(x)f.(x)f.(x)f.(x)f.(X)f.(x)F.(x)F.(x)
  • Page -
    APPENDIX IV. RETURN SHOWING THE RESULTS OF FIRST RE-INSPECTIONS OF CHILDREN DURING THE YEAR, 1914.
    Defects found requiring treatment.Number of defects under revision (outstanding from first re. inspection).Form of treatment in cases in which treatment was obtained.Total numbers treated.No treatment received
    By private doctor or dentist.Under Council's scheme.At other hospitals or Institutions.
    Completed and satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured. (3)Total.Completed and satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured. (3)TotalCompleted and satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured. (3)Total.Completed and satisfactory.Still under treatment.Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncuredTotal.Condition irremediable or treatment no longer considered necessary.Still requires treatment.
  • Page -
    APPENDIX V. RETURN SHOWING THE RESULTS OP SECOND RE-INSPECTIONS OF CHILDREN DURING THE YEAR, 1914.
    Defects found requiring treatment.Number of defects under revision (out-standing from first re. inspection).Form of treatment in cases in which treatment was obtained.Total numbers treated.No treatment receive.F. O., i.e., cases not requiring treatment but requiring still to be kept under observation.
    By private doctor or dentist.Under Council's scheme.At other hospitals or institutions.
    Completed and satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured. (3)Total.Completed and satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured. (3)Total.Completed and satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured. (3)Total.Completed and' satisfactory. (1)Still under treatment. (2)Discontinued treatment before remedied, or from other causes uncured (3)Total.Condition irremediable or treatment no longer considered necessary.Still requires treatment
  • Page -
    APPENDIX VI. NUMBER OF CANDIDATES EXAMINED AND THE CONDITIONS FOUND.
    Status.No. ExaminedNo. of Examinations.No. Fit.Vaccination.Referred back.Rejected.Withdrawn prior to re-examination or not yet reported.
    Not vaccinated.No marks.Want of cleanliness.Throat.Teeth.Vision.Heart.Vaccination.Sundry.For one defect.For two or more defects.Total.
    123456789101112131415161718
    m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.m.f.
  • Page -
    APPENDIX VII. (A). SCHOLARS—DEFECTS NOTED ON MEDICAL EXAMINATION.
    Institutions.No. examined.Defects.
    Teeth.Vision.Throat and Nose.Ears.Heart.Lungs.Anaemia.Back.Nutrition.Cleanliness.Various.
    DefectiveSigns of Eye Strain.Hearing.Discharge.Round.Curvature.
    (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)
  • Page -
    APPENDIX VIII. Table showing the average height and weight of boys in the Council's industrial and elementary schools.
    Age on admission.School and number of boys weighed and measured.Aged. 1Aged. 2Aged. 3Aged. 4Aged. 5Aged. 6Aged. 7Aged. 8Aged. 9Aged. 10Aged. 11Aged. 12Aged. 13Aged. 14Aged . 15
    Ht.wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.Ht.Wt.
    Stormont House (28).Cm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.Cm.KilogCm.Kilog.Cm.KilogCm.KilogCmKilog.Cm.KilogCm.Kilog.Cm.Kilog.