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Hints from the Health Department. Leaflet from the archive of the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Credit: Wellcome Collection, London

City of London 1908

[Report of the Medical Officer of Health for London, City of ]

Published
1909
Pages
210
Tables
116

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116 tables in this report

  • Page 12
    POPULATION. The undermentioned figures are abstracted from the Registrar.General's Report, dated 30th December, 1901, on the Census of England and Wales, 1901 (County of London).
    Area. Statute Acres.Inhabited Houses.Population.
    1891.1901.1891.1901.
  • Page 14
    CENSUS RETURNS.
    Tear.Imperial Census. Night Population.City Census. Day Population.
  • Page 15
    Vaccination Statistics in the City or London.
    Year.Number of Births.Successfully Vaccinated.Insusceptible.Had Small.pox.Died before Vaccination.Vaccination Postponed.Cases pending or removed at the end of the year.Conscientious Objections.
  • Page 16
    Death Rates, per 1,000 per Annum.
    Year.City of London.76 Great Towns of England and Wales.Metropolis.
  • Page 16
    Percentage of Deaths occurring in Workhouses, Workhouse Infirmaries and Lunatic Asylums to total Deaths in the City of London and the Metropolis respectively, for 1907, compared with the previous five years:
    Year.City of London.Metropolis.
  • Page 17
    City of London. Infantile Mortality during the Year 1908. Deaths from stated Causes in Weeks and Months under One Year of Age. (This Table is prepared in accordance with the requisitions of the Local Government Board.)
    CAUSE OF DEATH.Under 1 Week.1.2 Weeks.2.3 Weeks.3.4 Weeks.Total under 1 Month.1.2 Months.2.3 Months.3.4 Months.4.5 Months.5.6 Months.6.7 Months,7.8 Months.8.9 Months.9.10 Months.10.11 Months.11.12 Months.Total Deaths under One Year.
  • Page 18
    PERCENTAGE OF REGISTERED DEATHS FROM VIOLENCE.
    Year.City of London.Metropolis.
  • Page 18
    VITAL STATISTICS, 1908. City of London compared with the Metropolis, previous five years.
    City of London.Birth Bate.Death Rate.Deaths of Children under 1 year to 1,000 Births.Violent Deaths, per cent. of Deaths Registered.Deathsfrom principal Zymotic Disease per 1,000 of the Population.
    Estimated Night Population (Imperial Census).Estimated Day Population(Corporation Census).City.Metropolis.City.Metropolis.CityMetropolis.City.Metropolis.City.Metropolis.
  • Page 19
    Vital Statistics of Whole District during 1908 and Previous Years. Name of District: CITY OF LONDON.
    Year.Population estimated to Middle of each Year.Births.Total Deaths Registered in the District.Total Deaths in Public Institutions in the District.Deaths of Nonresidents registered in Public Institutions in the District.Deaths of Residents registered in Public Institutions beyond the District.Nett Deaths at all Ages belonging to the District.
    Number.Rate*Under 1 Year of Age.At all Ages.
    Number.Rate per 1,000 Births registered.Number.Rate.*Number.Rate.
  • Page 20
    (This Table is prepared in accordance with the requisitions of the Local Government Board.) Causes of, and Ages at, Death during Year 1908.
    Deaths in or belonging to whole District at subjoined ages.Deaths in or belonging to Localities (at all Ages).Total Deaths in Public Institutions in the district.
    At all ages.Under 1 year.1 and under 5.6 and under 16.16 and under 26.25 and under 66.65 and upwards.St. Botolph.St. Sepulchre.*
  • Page 21
    NOTIFICATION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE.
    NATURE OP DISEASE.Number of Certificates received.Treated at Gome.Removed to the Metropolitan Asylums Board Hospitals.Removed to the London Fever Hospital.Treated at other Hospitals and Infirmaries.Duplicate Certificates reoeived.Diagnosis Incorrect.
  • Page 21
    Return of infectious disease notified, exclusive of Chicken.pox and Phthisis occurring in the City of London, with the percentages of such cases removed to hospital or treated at home during 1908, compared with the previous five years:—
    Tear.Number of cases reported.Per cent. of cases reported.
    Removed to Hospital.Treated at Home.
  • Page 22
    Cases of Infectious Disease notified during the Year 1908.
    Disease.Cases notified in Whole District.Total Cases | notified in each Locality.No. of Cases removed to Hospital from each Locality.Total Cases removed to Hospital.
    At Ages—Years.St. Botolph.St.Sepulchre.St. Botolph.St .Sepulchre.
    At all Ages.Under 1.1 to 5.6 to 15.15 to 25.25 to 65.65 and upwards.
  • Page 25
    The following table shows the cultural character of the microbe, S. 1, found in the patients' stools, compared with other organisms:—
    Nature of Test.B. coli communis.B. Gaertner.Microbe Seeker 1.Liverpool virus.
  • Page 29
    The following are the results of the analysis of the series referred to:—
    1904.1905.1906.1907
    Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.
  • Page 32
    Two hundred and four samples were taken between 1st July, 1908, and 10th October, 1908, from milk carried by the following Railway Companies :—
    Samples taken.
  • Page 42
    CREMATIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 24 Years—1885-1908.
    YEAR.Woking.Manchester.Glasgow.Liverpool.Hall.Darlington.Leicester.Golder's Green.Birmingham.Leeds.Ilford.Sheffield.Bradford.No. of Cremations each year.
  • Page 43
    Table of Births and Deaths occurring at the Artizans' Dwellings, Stoney Lane, Houndsditch, during the year 1908.
    Name of Block.Births.Mortality from all Causes at 8ubj0ined ages.
    Male.Female.At all ages.Under 1 year.l and under 55 and under 1515 and under 2525 and under 6060 and upwards.
  • Page 44
    The birth rate in these Dwellings reached a maximum of 46.9 per 1,000 in 1896, and has since been falling, as shown by the following figures:— Birth Rate, Artizans' Dwellings.
  • Page 44
    Record of Attendances at the Baths, Artizans' Dwellings. (The corresponding figures for 1907 are in italics.)
    Month.Sex.Total.
    Males.Females.
    Children.Adults.Children.Adults.
    1907.1908.1907.1908.1907.1908.1907.1908.1907.1908.
  • Page 45
    Number of Articles disinfected, Bodies received at the Mortuary, and Inquests held at the Coroner's Court in the City during 1908, compared with the previous five years.
    Year.Articles of Bedding, &c., disinfected.Bodies received at the Mortuary.Inquests held on bodies.Inquests held on Fires.
  • Page 45
    Dr. F. J. Waldo, J. P., Coroner for London and Southwark, has kindly furnished me with the following list of places which were the subject of Fire Inquests held by him during 1908 :—
    1908.
    Inquest held onName of Premises.Date of Fire.
  • Page 46
    The amounts spent during the past twelve months under these several headings were:—
    £s.d.
  • Page 47
    WEST DISTRICT. (Inspector F. J. Robbins.)
    Month.Premises inspected.Orders issued.Notices served.Works completed.
  • Page 47
    MIDDLE DISTRICT. (Inspector E. J. Simmons.)
    Month.Premises inspected.Orders issued.Notices served.Works completed.
  • Page 48
    EAST DISTRICT (Inspector W. H. Ralph.)
    Month.Premises inspected.Orders issued.Notices served.Works completed.
  • Page 48
    The foregoing are summarised as under:—
    District.Number of inspections made.Orders issued.Notices served.Improvements effected.
  • Page 49
    TENEMENT HOUSES.
    District.No. of Houses on Register.No. of Lodgers.No. of Tenements.Average No. of Persons per Tenement.Cleansing Notices Served.
  • Page 49
    Tenement Houses (1898).
    District.No. of Houses on Register.No. of Lodgers.No. of Tenements.Average No. of Persons per Tenement.Cleansing Notices Served.
  • Page 50
    WEST DISTRICT.
    Name and situation of Artizans' Block Dwellings.No. of Tenements.
    One Room.Two Rooms.Three Rooms.Four Rooms.Five Rooms or more.No. of Inhabitants.
  • Page 50
    middle district.
    Name and situation of Artizans' Block Dwellings.No. of Tenements.
    One Room.Two Rooms.Three Rooms.Four Rooms.Five, or more Rooms.No. of Inhabitants.
  • Page 51
    East District
    Name and situation of Artizans' Block Dwellings.No. of Tenements.
    One Room.Two Rooms.Three Rooms.Four Rooms.Five, or more Rooms.No. of Inhabitants.
  • Page 53
    The following are the cases referred to:—
  • Page 58
    The following is a list of the 275 places that were flushed, so arranged as to show the number of times they were washed down weekly :— Flushed Six times a week.
  • Page 59
    Flushed Three timet a week.
  • Page 60
    Flushed Once a Week.
  • Page 60
    EAST DISTRICT.
  • Page 61
    MIDDLE DISTRICT.
  • Page 61
    WEST DISTRICT.
  • Page 72
    The number of Factories, Workshops, and Workplaces at present registered is as follows:—
    Premises.Workrooms, &c.
  • Page 73
    The number of workers employed was as follows: —
    Men.Women.
  • Page 73
    The following is a summary of inspections of separate Workrooms, &c., made annually since the passing of the Act:—
    Factories.
  • Page 74
    * Details of Factory Inspections, 1908.
  • Page 74
    Defects remedied.
  • Page 75
    * Details of Workshop Inspections, 1908.
  • Page 76
    Defects remedied.
  • Page 77
    * Details of Workplace Inspections, &c., 1908.
  • Page 77
    Defects remedied.
  • Page 78
    The following is a list of bakehouses existing in the City:— Aboveground Bakehouses.
  • Page 78
    SUMMARY.
  • Page 79
    A comparison of the number of such notifications received in past years with the year under review shows as follows:—
  • Page 80
    The following figures will illustrate what has occurred: —
    Year.Number of Lists received.Outworkers Employed in City.Outworkers Employed outside City.Total number of Outworkers.
  • Page 81
    THIS TABLE WAS ISSUED BY THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD BY REQUEST OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE. FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS, WORKPLACES AND HOMEWORK. 1908. 1.—INSPECTION OF FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS AND WORKPLACES. Including Inspections made by Sanitary Inspectors or Inspectors of Nuisances.
    Premises.Number of
    Inspections.Written Notices.Prosecutions.
    (1)(2)(3)(1)
  • Page 81
    2.—DEFECTS FOUND IN FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS AND WORKPLACES.
    Particulars. (1)Number of Defects.Number of Prosecutions. (5)
    Found. (2)Remedied. (3)Referred to H.M. Inspector. (4)
  • Page 82 83
    3.—HOME Work
    NATURE OF WORK. * (1)OUTWORKERS' LISTS, SECTION 107.Inspections of Outworkers' premises.OUTWORK IN UNWHOLESOME PREMISES, SECTION 108.OUTWORK IN INFECTED PREMISES, SECTIONS 109, 110.
    Lists received from Employers.Addresses of Outworkers.Notices served on occupiers as to keeping or sending Lists.Prosecutions.Instances.Notices served.Prosecutions.Instances.Orders made (S. 110).Prosecutions (Sections 109. 110)
    Twice in the year.Once in the year.Received from otherForwarded to other Councils.Failing to keep or permit inspection of lists.Failing to send lists.
    Lists.†Outworkers, †Lists.Outworkers.†
    (2)Contractors. (3)Workmen. (4)(5)Contractors. (6)Workmen. (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)
  • Page 82 83
    4.—REGISTERED WORKSHOPS.
    Workshops on the Register (S. 131) at the end of the year.Number.
    (1)(2)
  • Page 82 83
    5.—OTHER MATTERS
    Class (1)Number. (2)
  • Page 84
    The number of inspections made during the year is as follows:—
  • Page 86
    Return showing the number of places in the City where work in carried on by "outworkers" in scheduled trades:—
    Factories.Workshops.Domestic Workshops.Occasional.Total.Number of Workers.
    Men.Women.Total.
  • Page 87
    DOMESTIC WORKSHOPS, 1908.
    Premises.Trade.Number of Workers.Remarks.
    M.F.Total.
  • Page 94
    The following summary relates to 122 children born during the year 1908who had completed six months' existence during that year.
    PARENTAGE.
  • Page 95
    NATURE OF CONFINEMENT.
  • Page 95
    FEEDING OF INFANTS.
  • Page 95
    STILL-BIRTHS AND DEATHS.
  • Page 98
    The country of origin and number of samples examined were as under:—
  • Page 98
    Of these the following 28, or only 49 per cent., were found to be in a wholly satisfactory condition, viz.:—
  • Page 104
    The results of Dr. Klein's examinations may be shortly summarized as follows:—
  • Page 119
    These places may be classified as under:—
    Place of Manufacture.
    Number.In the City.In other districts.
  • Page 134
    PRESERVATIVES IN MEAT PRODUCTS. The following are particulars relating to the meat products treated with preservatives referred to on p. 131.
    No.Date.Sample of.From.Packed.Result of Analysis.Action taken.
  • Page 143
    Table showing the average deliveries at the Central Meat Market, and other details for successive quinquennial periods during the past 35 years:—
    Quinquennium.General Supply.Seizures by Inspectors.% of Bad Meat.
  • Page 143
    The sources of origin of the Central Market Supplies during the past five years are here expressed in terms per cent, of total annual deliveries.
    British.Foreign Killed.American.Australian and New Zealand.
    Country Killed.Town Killed.Home Killed.American Killed.
    Per cent.Per cent.Per cent._ Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.
  • Page 143
    Some idea of the amount of the work of your Inspectors of Slaughterhouses and Meat may be obtained from the following figures supplied by the Superintendent of the Market:—
    1906.1907.1908.
  • Page 144
    UNSOUND MEAT, 1908. The meat, &c., seized by your Inspectors as unfit for food is classified as under:—
    1908.Diseased.Putrid.Unwholesome.Poultry.Offal.Fish.Total.
  • Page 144
    TUBERCULOUS MEAT. An account has been kept of the meat seizures made during the year on account of Tuberculosis, and of the diseased meat recorded above, upwards of 98 tons, or 54 per cent., was found to be tuberculous. The following are the details of these seizures:—
  • Page 144
    The percentages of meat seized under a summary of the various headings of the above Table and for the preceding five years, were as follows:—
    Year.Diseased.Putrid.*Unwholesome.
  • Page 145
    CENTRAL MARKETS, SMITHFIELD. Table showing Weight of Meat delivered, and Meat seized as unsound, daring each Month of the Years 1907 and 1908.
    Month.Meat delivered at the Market, 1907.Meat seized by the Inspectors, 1907.Meat delivered at the Market, 1908.Meat seized by the Inspectors, 1908.
  • Page 146
    DISEASED MEAT PROSECUTIONS, 1908.
    Date of Hearing.Where Heard.Before whom.Occupation of Person Summoned.Defendant's Place of Business.Result.
  • Page 147
    Of the above, 193,821 tons were consigned to Billingsgate Market, the remainder, viz., 47,366, being delivered at the salesmen's shops in the neighbourhood of the Market.
    Year.Fish Delivered at Billingsgate Market.Fish Delivered in the neighbourhood of Billingsgate Market.Total Deliveries.
  • Page 147
    MONTHLY FISH RETURNS, 1908. Table showing Weight of Fish Delivered, Fish seized as Unsound, and percentage of Fish Condemned to that Delivered, at or near Billingsgate Market, and on board boats lying off that place, during each month of the year 1908.†
    Month.Weight of Fish Delivered.Total.Weight of Fish Condemned.Ratio of Fish Condemned to that Delivered.
    By Land.By Water.
    JanuaryTons.Tons.Tons.Tons.cwt.qrs.1 in 289 tons, or .343 per cent.
    14,2314,54518,77664170
  • Page 148
    Monthly Deliveries of Fish at London Central Markets, Smithfield, 1908.
    TonsCwts.Qrs.
  • Page 148
    Weight of Fish Delivered, Fish seized as Unsound, and percentage of Fish Condemned to that Delivered, at or near Billingsgate Market during 1908 and the five tears 1903-1907.
    Year.Weight of Fish Delivered.Total.Weight of Fish Condemned.Ratio of Fish Condemned to that Delivered.
    By Land.By Water.
    Tons.Tons.Tons.Tonscwts.qrs.
  • Page 149
    INSPECTION OF FOOD AT RIVERSIDE WHARVES, &c. As the result of the daily inspection of the City wharves, 153 loads of unsound food were removed from these places during the year by the Cleansing Department.
    Tons.Cwts.Qrs.
  • Page 150
    Table I. The figures for the last eight years are here given:—
    Year.No. of Samples taken.Found Genuine.Found Adulterated.Percentage of Adulterated Samples.
  • Page 150
    Table II. For the purpose of comparison the following Table is given showing the percentage of adulteration in England and Wales since 1877. These figures are abstracted from the Annual Reports of the Local Government Board:—
    Per cent.
  • Page 151
    The accompanying Table has been partly compiled from the Annual Reports of the Local Government Board, to which are added some figures for the City of London, and London as a whole:—
    Year.Total Number of Samples Examined in England and Wales.Number Examined in the City of London.Percentage of Total Number Examined in City of London.Number of Persons to each Sample examined.
    England and Wales.*City of London.London.
  • Page 154
    It is satisfactory to note there has been a marked decrease in milk adulteration in the City during 1908, as will be shown in the accompanying Table:—
    Year.No. of Samples Examined.Found Genuine.Found Adulterated.Percentage of Adulterated Samples.
  • Page 154
    The following Table shows the relation between place of purchase and adulteration :—
    Where Purchased.No. of Samples taken.No. Adulterated.Percentage of Samples Adulterated.
  • Page 155
    BUTTER. Three hundred and eighty-one samples were taken, of which five, or 1.3 per cent., were certified as being adulterated. The figures for 1908 and seven previous years are given hereunder.
    Year.No. of samples taken.No. of samples found Genuine.No. of Samples found Adulterated.Percentage of Adulterated Samples.
  • Page 155
    The following summary shows the amount of this deception that was discovered in the six years 1903-8:—
    Date.Samples taken.Cases of Substitution.Percentage Substituted Samples.
  • Page 157
    In the course of the year the undermentioned names for mixtures of butter and milk have been approved by the Board:—
  • Page 157
    The amount of Coffee adulteration in the City during the last eight years is here given.
    Year.Samples taken.Found genuine.Found adulterated.Percentage of Adulterated Samples.
  • Page 158
    The accompanying Table shows the amount of mustard adulteration in the City discovered during the past eight years.
    Year.Samples taken.Found genuine.Found adulterated.Percentage of Adulteration.
  • Page 158
    DRUGS. The accompanying Table shows the extent of drug adulteration in the City for the last eight years:—
    Samples taken.Found genuine.Found adulterated.Percentage of adulteration.
  • Page 160 161
    SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACTS, 1875-1907. Articles examined during each Quarter of the year 1908.
    Articles submitted for Analysis.Quarter ending 31st March.Quarter ending 30th June.Quarter ending 30th September.Quarter ending 31st December.Total tor 1908.
    No. of Samples taken.No. Genuine.No. Adulterated.Percentage of adulteration.No. of Samples taken.No. Genuine.No. Adulterated.Percentage of adulteration.No. of Samples taken.No. Genuine.No. Adulterated.Percentage of adulterationNo. of Samples taken.No. Genuine.No. Adulterated.Percentage of adulteration.No. of Samples taken.No. Genuine.No. Adulterated.Percentage of adulteration.
  • Page 162
    SALE OF FOOD AND DRUGS ACTS, 1875-1907. 1908. RESULTS OF PROSECUTIONS.
    First Quarter.
    Sample.Nature and Extent of Adulteration.Result.
  • Page 163
    SUMMARY.
  • Page 167
    Appendix A. CITY OF LONDON MORTALITY. 1908. STREET LISTS, Compiled from Weekly Returns of Registrars of Sub-Districts.
    STREET OR place.No. of House.Sex.Age.Date of Death.Certified Cause of Death.Remarks.
  • Page 168
    CITY OF LONDON MORTALITY—continued.
    STREET OR PLACE.No. of House.Sex.Age.Date of Death.Certified Cause of Death.Remarks.
  • Page 169
    CITY OF LONDON MORTALITY—continued.
    STREET OR PLACE.No. of House.3ex.Age.Date of Death.Certified Cause of Death.Remarks.
  • Page 169
    ARTIZANS' DWELLINGS—STONEY LANE, HOUNDSDITCH.
    STREET OR PLACE.No. of House.Sex.Age.Date of Death.Certified Cause of Death.Remarks.
  • Page 170
    STREET LISTS. Compiled from Notifications received.
    Street or Place.No. of House.Sex.Age.Disease.Date of Notification.
  • Page 171
    Continued from previous page...
    Street of Place.No. of House.Sex.Age.Disease.Date of Notification.
  • Page 172
    WEST DISTRICT.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 173
    WEST DISTRICT—continued.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers
  • Page 174
    WEST DISTRICT—continued.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 175
    WEST DISTRICT—continued.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 176
    MIDDLE DISTRICT.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 177
    EAST DISTRICT.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 178
    EAST DISTRICT—continued.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 179
    EAST DISTRICT—continued.
    Situation of Premises.Name and Address of Owner.Tenements.Lodgers.
  • Page 180
    Apendix D. List of Persons registered under the Dairies, Cowsheds and Milkshops Order. 1st January, 1909.
    Premises.Person Registered.Premises.Person Registered.
  • Page 181
    Continued from previous page...
    Premises.Person Registered.Premises. Person Registered.
  • Page 182
    Continued from previous page...
    Premises.Person Registered.Premises. Person Registered.
  • Page 183
    Continued from previous page...
    Premises.Person Registered.Premises.Person Registered.
  • Page 184
    Continued from previous page...
    Premises.Person Registered.Premises.Person Registered.
  • Page 185
    Continued from previous page...
    Premises.Person Registered.Premises.Person Registered.