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being 93.7 and 85.8. It would seem, therefore, that
the chief strain on a City life is during childhood,
at from 1 to 5 years of age, and in manhood
after the meridian of life has been passed. It also
appears that in the latter case, the strain comes from
occupation and from habits, rather than from any
local circumstances about the homes of the people;
for not only is the mortality greater among men
than women, but there is a large difference in the
death-rate of different classes. Taking all the males
in the City who are at twenty and upwards, the mean
death-rate is 22.9 per 1,000; but with shopkeepers,
merchants, and butchers, it is only about 16 per
1,000; with shoemakers, blacksmiths, carpenters,
and watermen, it is from 23 to 24 per 1,000; with
clerks, porters, messengers, tailors, and painters, it is
26 per 1,000; with policemen, cabmen, ostlers, and
costermongers, it is 29 per 1,000; and with labourers,
masons, and bricklayers, it is nearly 44 per 1,000
Among the women of the City, at 20 and upwards,
the mortality is only 19.5 per 1,000. In
all England the mortality of adult males is 20.3
per 1,000, and of females, 18.6. It is manifest,
therefore, not only that the death-rate of men is
proportionally greater than that of women, but
also that the excessive mortality of the former
occurs chiefly among the hard-working classes of
the community; and as they constitute a large per
centage of the population, they necessarily