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Hints from the Health Department. Leaflet from the archive of the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Credit: Wellcome Collection, London

London County Council 1899

[Report of the Medical Officer of Health for London County Council]

Published
1900
Pages
490
Tables
229

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229 tables in this report

  • Page -
    The estimated population of each of the forty-three sanitary districts comprised in the administrative county is shown in the following table—
    Sanitary district.Estimated population, 1899.Sanitary district.Estimated population, 1899.Sanitary district.Estimated population 1899.
  • Page 2
    The following table shows the birth rate in each district in 1899 per 1,000 persons living and per 100 females aged 15-45 years—
    Sanitary district.Births.Birth rate per 1,000 living.Births per 100 females aged 15-45.
  • Page 4
    Crude and corrected death rates,1 per 1,000 persons living in sanitary districts of London.
    Sanitary area.Standard death rate.Factor for correction for age and sex distribution.Crude death rate, 1889-98.Corrected death rate, 1889-98.Comparative mortality figure, 1889-98. (London 1,000.)Crude death rate, 1899.Corrected death rate, 1899.Comparative mortality figure, 1899, (London 1,000.)
  • Page 4
    The death rates of Stoke Newington and Hackney cannot be given for the period 1889-98, as during some portion of this period Stoke Newington was combined with Hackney; the death rates of the combined area for this period, however, are shown in the following table—
    Sanitary area.Standard death rate.Factor for correction for age and sex distribution.Crude death rate, 1889-98.Corrected death rate, 1889-98.Comparative mortality figure, 1889-98. [ London 1,000.]
  • Page 5
    The following table shows the number of deaths1 occurring at several ages in each of the sanitary districts of the administrative county during the year 1899 (365 days)— All causes.
    Age-period.0-1-2-3-AUnder 5.5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85-All ages.
  • Page 5
    The following table shows the mean death rates obtaining in London at the several age-periods and for each sex in the decennium 1881-90 and the nine years 1891-99-
    Age period.Males.Females.
    Mean death rate 1881-90.Mean death rate 1891-99.Differences per cent.Mean death rate 1881-90.Mean death rate 1891-99.Differences per cent.
  • Page 6
    Table I. Mean future lifetime of males and females in groups of ages (calculated from London life tables, 1881-90).
    Age groups.Males.Females.Age groups.Males.Females.
  • Page 6
    Table II.
    Age groups.Deaths calculated according to mean rates 1881-90.Mean deaths occurring in the nine years 1891-9.Mean annual gain (+) or loss (-) of lives in the nine years 1891-9 by fluctuations of mortality.Mean annual gain (+) or loss (-) of " life capital" in the nine years 1891-9 by fluctuations of mortality.
  • Page 7
    Table III.
    Periods compared with 1881-90.Mean annual number of lives gained.Mean annual amount of "life capital" gained.Number of years of "life capital" gained to each life gained.
  • Page 7
    Table IV.
    Age-period.Death rates per 1,000 living.Increase or decrease per cent. (compared with death rates in 1881-90).
    1891-4.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1891-4.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 8
    Table V.
    Age-period.Number of lives gained (+) or lost (-) by fluctuations of mortality in the undermentioned periods compared with the decennium 1881-90.Amount of "life capital" gained (+) or lost (-) by fluctuations of mortality in the undermentioned periods compared with the decennium 1881-90.
    1891-4 (mean).1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1891-4 (mean).1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 8
    Table VI.
  • Page 9
    Table A. London-Death rates1 per 1,000 living.
    Cause of death.All Ages.
    1881-1890.1891-1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 10
    Table B. London-Increase ( + ) or decrease ( - ) in death rates of 1891-4, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898 and 1899, compared with the death rates obtaining in the period 1881-90.
    Cause of death.All ages.
    1891-1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 12
    Deaths and death rates during 1899 in London from "all causes" at certain age-periods (1) before distribution, and (2) after distribution, of deaths occurring in public institutions-
    Age-period.Deaths.Difference.Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Before distribution.After distribution.Before distribution.After distribution.
  • Page 12
    The proportion in each year since 1890 has been as follows—
    Year.Deaths under one year per 1,000 births.
  • Page 12
    The following table enables comparison to be made of the infant mortality in London and other English towns having more than 200,000 inhabitants— Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 12
    The following table shows the infant mortality in 1899 and in the period 1889-98 in each of the London sanitary districts—
    Sanitary district.Deaths under one year of age.Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
    1889-98.1899.
  • Page 13
    Sanitary district.Deaths under one year of age.Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
    1889-98.1899.
  • Page 13
    the following table has been prepared from the figures contained in the summary relating to the year 1899—
    Causes of death.Corrected annual average 1889-98.1899.
  • Page 14
    The following table gives more detailed information concerning the principal diseases included in the constitutional, nervous, and respiratory groups—
    Causes of death.1Corrected annual average 1889-98.1899.
  • Page 14
    Death rates2 per 100,000 from all causes and from certain causes in each sanitary area, l899 (365 days).
    Sanitary area.Measles.Rheumatic fever.Cancer.Tabes mesenterica.Tubercular meningitis.Phthisis.Other tubercular diseases.Pneumonia.Other diseases of respiratory system.Other causes.All causes.
  • Page 15
    Principal zymotic diseases—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 15
    The following table shows that the London death rate from the first six of these principal zymotic diseases, viz., small-pox, measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria, whooping-cough, and fever was in 1889-98 higher than that of any of these towns except St. Petersburg, and in 1899 was only exceeded by the rates of St. Petersburg and Stockholm— Six principal zymotic diseases—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 15
    The death rates from the principal zymotic diseases in the several sanitary districts of London in 1899 and the period 1889-98 are shown in the following table—
    Sanitary district.Deaths in 1899Death-rate per 1,000 living.Sanitary district.Deaths in 1899.Death-rate per 1,000 living.
    1889—98.1899.1860—98.1899.
  • Page 16
    The death rates from small-pox in successive periods have been as follows—
    Period.Smallpox death-rate per 1,000 living.Period.Smallpox death-rate per 1,000 living.
  • Page 16
    During the complete years in which the notification of infectious diseases has been obligatory, the number of cases of small-pox notified to the medical officers of health in the various sanitary districts comprised in the administrative county has been as follows—
    Year.Cases notified.Case rate per 1,000 living.
  • Page 16
    Small-pox death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 16
    Small-pox death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 17
    Since 1880 the Registrar-General has classified the deaths from small-pox under three heads, viz., "vaccinated," "unvaccinated," and " no statement." The totals for the 19 years, 1881-99, are as follows— Small-pox deaths, London, 1881-99.
    Age-period.All ages.0-11-55-2020-4040-6060-8080 and upwards.
  • Page 17
    The following table, in which the number of deaths at each age-period is expressed as a percentage of the total deaths from small-pox at "all ages," more clearly indicates the relative age incidence of the disease in the three classes under consideration— "All ages" taken as 100.
    Age-period.All ages.0-11-55-2020-4040-6060-8080 and upwards.
  • Page 17
    " Vaccinated " and " no statement " combined.
  • Page 17
    London vaccination returns.
    year.Children not finally accounted for (including cases postponed) per cent, of total births.Year.Children not finally accounted for (including cases postponed) percent, of total births.
  • Page 18
    Measles—Death rales per 1,000 living.
  • Page 18
    Measles—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 18
    The following table shows that the measles death rate in London was higher than that of any of the undermentioned foreign towns in the period 1889-98, and in 1899 was higher than that of any except Brussels, Stockholm and St. Petersburg. Measles—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 19
    The death rates in each sanitary district of London in the period 1889-98 and in the year 1899 (52 weeks) are shown in the following table—
    Sanitary districtDeaths in 1899.Death-rate per 1,000 living.Sanitary district.Deaths in 1899.Death-rate per 1,000 living.
    1889-98.1899.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 19
    The following table shows the number of deaths1 from measles at several age-periods in each of the sanitary districts of the administrative county. For the purposes of this table, deaths occurring in public institutions belonging to London have been distributed to the sanitary areas in which the deceased had previously resided- Measles, 1899 (365 days).
    Age period.0-1-2-3-4-under 55-10-15 and upwards.All ages.
  • Page 20
    Age period.0-1-2-3-4-under 55-10-15 and upwards.All ages.
  • Page 21
    The London rates in 1899 and preceding periods are shown in the following table- Scarlet fever.
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 living.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Case mortality per cent.
  • Page 21
    Scarlet fever—Death rates per 1,000 Living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 22
    Scarlet fever—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 22
    The case rate of each district in 1891-8 and in 1899 and the death rate of each district in 1889-98 and in 1899 are shown in the following table-
    Sanitary district.Cases, 1899.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Deaths, 1899.Death-rate per 1,000 living.
    1891-98.1899.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 24
    Scarlet fever-Notified cases, 1899.
    Period.Notified cases-Ages.Increase or decrease per cent.
    0-33-1313 and upwards.0-33-1313 and upwards.
  • Page 24
    Scarlet fever,* 1899.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Bates per 100,000 living.Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 25
    The diphtheria case rates and death rates in 1899 and preceding periods are shown in the following table-
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 living.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Case mortality per cent.
  • Page 25
    Diphtheria—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 25
    Diphtheria—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 26
    The case rate of each district in 1891-8 and in 1899, and the death rates in 1889-98 and in 1899 are shown in the following table-
    Sanitary district.Cases, 1899.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Deaths, 1899.Death-rate per 1,000 living.
    1891-8.1899.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 26
    (A) Diphtheria—Case rates per 10,000 living and comparative case rates (London rate taken as 100) in sanitary districts in each of the years 1892-9.
    Sanitary district.Case-rates per 10,000 living.Comparative case-rates (London case-rates taken s 100).
    1892.1893.18941895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899
  • Page 27
    Continued from previous page...
    Sanitary district.Case-rates per 10,000 living.Comparative case-rates (London case-rates taken as 100).
    1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899
  • Page 27
    (B.) Diphtheria—Comparative death-rates1 (London death rate taken as 100) in sanitary districts, 1887-1899.
    Year
    1837.1888.1889.1890.1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 28
    Continued from previous page...
    Year
    1887.1888.1889.1890.1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 28
    Diphtheria—Age distribution of cases notified in London sanitary districts.
    Sanitary district.All ages.0-1-2-3-4-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.No age stated.
  • Page 32
    Diphtheria-Notified cases, 1899.
    Period.Notified cases-Ages.Increase or decrease per cent.
    0-3.3-13.13 and upwards.0-3.3-13.13 and upwards.
  • Page 32
    It is interesting to observe that the relative incidence of attack upon London children, 3-13 years, continues to increase. This increase has been manifested in each year for a considerable period, the percentage in successive years being as follows— Number of children, atred 3-13, per cent, of total cases of diphtheria at all aces notified.
  • Page 32
    Diphtheria—Cases occurring at ages 3-13 per cent, of total notified eases.
    Sanitary district.1897.1898.1899.Sanitary district.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 33
    Lewisham (excluding Penge), notified cases of diphtheria.
    Years.No of easel (All ages.)No of cases, aged 3-13 years. Per dent, of total cases.
  • Page 34
    Diphtheria* 1899.
    Age-period.Male«.Females.
    Ca*ei.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per ccnt.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 34
    Wh ooping.cough.
    Period.Death rate per 1,000 living.Period.Death rate per 1,000 living.
  • Page 34
    Whooping-cough—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 35
    Whooping-cough—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 35
    The death rate of each sanitary district m 1899 and the preceding ten years is shown, in the following table-
    Sanitary district.Deaths in 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.Sanitary district.Deaths in 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.
    1889-98.1899.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 35
    Typhus—death rates per 1,000 living.
  • Page 36
    The number of persons certified during the year to be suffering from typhus was 14. These cases occurred in the following districts—
  • Page 38
    Enteric fever.
    Period.Death rate per 1,000 living.Case rate per 1,000 living.Case mortality per cent.
  • Page 39
    The case rates of each sanitary district in 1891-8 and in 1899 and the death rates in 1899 and the preceding ten years are shown in the following table-
    Sanitary district.Cases, 1899.Case rate per 1,000 living.Deaths, 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.
    1891-98.1899.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 41
    Enteric fever*, 1899.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 42
    The death rates in 1899 and preceding periods are shown in the following table— Diarrhoea—Death, rates per 1,000 living.
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 living.Period.Death-rate per 1,000 living.
  • Page 42
    The age distribution of the deaths2 from this disease in the Registration County of County in the year 1899 was as follows—
    Under 1 year.1-5.5-20.20-40.40-60.60-80.80 and upwards.
  • Page 42
    Diairhcea—Death rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1889-98.1899.Towns.1889-98.1899.
  • Page 43
    Tlhe death rate of each sanitary district in the period 1889-98 and in 1899 will he seen from the following table—
    Sanitary district.Death 8, 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.Sanitary district.Deaths, 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.
    1889—98.1899.1889—98.1899.
  • Page 44
    The number of cases notified and the case rate of 1899, together with the mean case rate of the period 1891-8, for each sanitary district of the administrative county are shown in the following table-
    Sanitary district.Cases, 1899.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Sanitary district.Cases, 1899.Case-rate per 1,000 living.
    1891-98.1899.1891-98.1899.
  • Page 44
    County of London since the year 1890 have been as follows— Puerperal fever.
    Year.Cases.Deaths.1
  • Page 45
    If these cases and deaths are considered in relation to the total population and total births, the following rates are obtained—
    Year.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Case-rate per 1,000 births.Death-rate1 per 1,000 living.Death-rate1 per 1,000 births.
  • Page 45
    The deaths from these diseases in the Registration County of London since 1889 have been as follows—
    Tear.Influenza.Bronchitis.Pneumonia.
    Deaths.1Corrected annual average for preceding ten years.Deaths.1Corrected annual average for preceding ten years.Deaths.1Corrected annual average for preceding ten years.
  • Page 46
    The following table is of interest as showing the rapidity with which influenza may increase from small to epidemic proportions, and the fact that the mortality from the disease has usually attained its maximum in the late autumn or winter months. Influenza-Deaths1 registered in London in four-weekly periods, 1890-99.
    Number of weeks.1890.1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 46
    The death rates of this disease per 1,000 living in the Registration County of London in successive periods have been as follows— Phthisis.
  • Page 46
    The death rates (!) in the several groups of districts since 1893 have been as follows—
    1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page 46
    The following table shows the number of deaths and the death rate per 1,000 living in 1899 (52 weeks) in the several sanitary districts of London—
    Sanitary district.Deaths, 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.Sanitary district.Deaths, 1899.Death rate per 1,000 living.
  • Page 47
    Phthisis, 1899 (365 days).
    Age period.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 & upAll ages.
  • Page 48
    The figures upon which diagam XVII. is based are shown in the following tables— Phthisis—Death rates1 per 1,000 living, 1899.
    Proportion of total population living more than two in a room. (In tenements of less than five rooms.)All ages.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 48
    Phthisis—Comparative death rates (death rates in least overcrowded group at each age period taken as 100).
    Proportion of total population living more than two in a room. (In tenements of less than five rooms.)All ages.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 48
    All causes—Death rates1 per 1,000 living, 1899.
    Proportion of total population living more than two in a room. (In tenements of less than five rooms.)All ages.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 48
    All causes—Comparative death rates (death rates in least overcrowded group at each age period talcen as 100).
    Proportion of total population living more than two in a room. (In tenements of less than five rooms.)All ages.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 49
    All causes less Phthisis—Death rates1 per 1,000 living, 1899.
    Proportion of total population living more than two in a room. (In tenements of less than five rooms.)All ages.0-5-10-12-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 49
    All causes less Phthisis—Comparative death rates (death rates in least overcrowded group at each age period taken as 100).
    Proportion of total population living more than two in a room. (In tenements of less than five rooms.lAll ages0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 49
    The death rates of this disease per 1,000 living in successive periods have been as follows— Cancer.
  • Page 49
    Cancer.
    Sanitary district.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 & up.All ages.
  • Page 50
    Sanitary district.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 & up.All ages.
  • Page 51
    The temperature and rainfall in each month of 1899, are shown in the following table—
    Month.Temperature of the air.Depart are from average of 128 years, 1771-1898.Rain.
    Highest by day.Lowest by night.Mean for month.Number of days it fell.Amount collected.
    deg. F.deg. F.deg. F.deg. F.inches.
  • Page 52
    ihe following table shows the classification ot the remaining boU cows to which Mr. Simpson makes special reference—
    Clinically affected with tubercular disease of the udder. 1.Suspected cases of tubercular disease of the udder. 2.Subjects of acute mastitis. 3.Affected with chronic indurations of udder. 4.Giving evidence of atrophy of one or more quarters. 5.Injuries, deformities, superficial abscessesj simple eruptions, strictures and obliterations of milk ducts. 6.Ilypertrophied udders without induration. 7.Giving milk of poor quality, but owing to natural causes (commonly known as dried-off cows). 8.Recovered or removed from premises during the period between the visit of the assistant inspector and Mr. Simpson. 9.
  • Page 54
    The number of applications for the licence of slaughterhouses, and the number granted in each of the last 9 years, is shown in the following table—
    Year.No. of applications received.No. of licences granted.
  • Page 65
    Proceedings in respect of houses represented as unfit for human habitation. The following tabular statement shows the procedure of district authorities as to houses represented as unfit for human habitation and concerning which the Council has received copies of representations from the 1st January to the 31st December, 1899—
    Local Authority.Total number of house4 concerning which the Council has received information that representations have been made from the 1/1/1)9 to the 31/12/99.Number of houses closed, demolished or improved by owners without Magisterial intervention.Number of houses for which closing orders were granted.Number of houses for which closing orders were refused.Number of houses outstanding or concerning which proceedings are in progress.Number of houses subsequently dealt with under the Public Health (London) Act, 1891.
    Closed.Demolished.Improved.Total.Subsequently demolished.Subsequently improved.No further action.Total.
  • Page 71
    Common lodging-houses.
    Sanitary district.Number of common lodging-houses.Authorised number of lodgers.Number of houses registered in 1899.
  • Page 81
    muddy and turbid on 11 days of the year. His report contains a table from which the following is extracted, showing the capacity of subsidence reservoirs and the mean monthly rates of filtration of the several companies—
    Names of companies.Number of days' supply.Monthly rate of filtration per square foot per hour, 1899.
    Mean monthly averages.Maximum monthly averages.
  • Page 82
    Statement showing the transfers of water effected between the London water companies.
    Date of water examiner's report.Names of companies by which transfers were made.Names of companies to which delivery was made.Period included.Number of days.Sources of supply.Total quantity from each source.Grand total.Resulting daily average if distributed orer the whole month.
    From.To.
  • Page 83
    The following table shows the estimate of population on the 6th April, 1899, and the amount of excess of contribution over grant, or of grant over contribution in respect of each district for the year ended 31st March, 1900.
    Sanitary District.Estimated population, 6th April, 1899.Equalisation charge, being excess of contribution over grant.Net grant, being excess of grant over contribution.
  • Page 84
    Sanitary District.Estimated population, 6th April, 1899.Equalisation charge, being excess of contribution over grant.Net grant being excess of grant over contribution.
    £s.d.£s.d.
  • Page 85
    The following table shows the month in which the annual reports of the medical officers of health of London districts were received by the Council—
  • Page 86
    Medical Officers of Health of London Sanitary Districts in 1899.
    Sanitary district.Medical officers of health.
  • Page -
    Small-pox. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constituted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.No. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Scarlet fever. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constituted by the London Government Act. 1899.
    Sanitary district.No. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Casemates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constituted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.No. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Typhus fever. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constituted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.N0. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Enteric fever. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constituted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.Number of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Other continued fevers. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary dishicts as constituted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.No. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.18921893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Puerperal fever. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constit uted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.No. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.18931894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Erysipelas. Case-rates per 1,000 living in London sanitary districts as constituted by the London Government Act, 1899.
    Sanitary district.No. of cases notified per 1,000 living.
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.
  • Page -
    Ihe following table, taken from Dr. Dudfield's annual report for last year, "exhibits the growth of the parish since the Metropolis Local Management Act came into operation in 1856"—
    1856.1898.Increase in 42 years.
  • Page -
    Continued from previous page...
    Death rate from all causes per 1,000 living.Death rate from principal zymotic diseases per 1,000 living.Deaths under one year to 1,000 births.
    Kensington.London.Kensington.London.Kensington.London.
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    Death rate in the metropolis and in Kensington and in certain districts of the parish, 1897 and 1898.
    Metropolis.Parish.Sub-distriets.Parliamentary divisions.Sanitary districts.Notting Dale special area.
    Kensington TownBrompton.North.South.North.Northeast.Northwest.Central.Southeast.Southwest.
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    "Notting Dale" special area-Occupation of houses.
    Number of persons to a house in 1896.Bangor-street.Crescent-street.St. Katharine'e-road.William-street.St. Clement's-roafl. south of Board School.Total houses.
    Nos. 1 to 63.No. 64 and upwards.
    10 roomed houses.8 roomed houses.7 or 8 roomed houses.5 roomed houses.5 or 6 roomed houses.7,8 or 9 roomed houses.
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    The Notting Dale special area-Summary of the results of the hoiise-io-house inspection.
    Streets.Numberof houses in strcet.No. of houses let in lodgings.Number of C. L. houses.Number of houses not let in lodgiDgs.No. of houses in which rooms are let in lodgings.Registered lodging hous. s in which there is a resident keeper.Population of houses other than C. L. houses.*Defects observed.No. of houses in respect of which notice is necessary.
    Registered.Not registered.Furnished rooms.Unfurnished rooms.Furnished and nn furnished rooms.No. of families.No. of persons.No. of adults.No. of children.ltoofs defective in ; tructure or in drainage (guttering).Walls defective, dirty, &c.Drains not trapped from the sewer.Insufficient w.e. accommodation.Yards not properly paved.Water supply from cistern, and not from rising main.Other defects.
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    Notting Dale special area.
    1896.1897.1898.
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    Particulart of sick cases in the "special area," April lst, 1896- March 31st, 1897.
    Street.Sex.Total.Age.Houses in streets.Cases at or from.Where treated.
    Males.Females.0-1 yr.1-5 yrs.5-12 yrs.12-20 yrs.20-60 yrs.60 yrs.and upwards.Common lodging-houses.Other houses.Total.Common lodging-houses.Other houses.At dispensary.At home.
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    per person be made to fall within the assigned limits. T.he results obtained 111 Kensington per 100 overcrowded tenements are very similar to those in St. Pancras, as will be seen from the following statement-
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    From the report of the present inspector of workshops, Miss de Chaumont, for the year 1898, the following table showing the number and distribution of the workshops, known to the sanitary authority, in which women are employed, is taken—
    Workshops; &c.North Kensington.South Kensington.Total for whole parish.
    Dressmakers.Laundries.Miscellaneous.Total.Dressmakers.Laundries.Miscellaneous.Total.
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    Dr. Dudfield gives in his annual report for 1898, the following statement, showing the work done in giving effect to the Council's by-law—
    North Kensington.South Kensington.Total.
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    (4.) Table showing the number of years for which 1,300 acres is sufficient provision assuming (a) 1,000 graves per acre, ( b ) 750 graves per acre, (c) 500 graves per acre, and death rates of (1) 16 per 1,000, (2) 18 per 1,000, and (3) 20 per 1,000 per annum, and assuming also that the population of the administrative county of London is uniformly increasing throughout the whole period at the same rate as between 1891 and 1896, and that of Greater London at the same rate as between 1881 and 1891—
    Assuming death rates ofAdministrative County of London.Greater London.
    (a) 1,000 graves per acre.(b) 750 graves per acre.(c) 500 graves per acre.(a) 1,000 graves per acre.(b) 750 graves per acre.(c) 500 graves per acre.
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    (1G.) The information which it has been possible to obtain as to the extent of such ground is as follows—
    Cemetery.Total area.Area not yet buried in. (Estimated by officers of burial boards and cemeteries.)
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    Continued from previous page...
    Cemetery.Total area.Area not yet buried in. (Estimated by officers of burial boards and cemeteries.)
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    Within county.
    No. of cemeteries.Total area.Area unused.
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    Without the county.
    No. of cemeteries.Total area.Area unused.
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    In other words 55 acres per annum would be required tor the dead of the bounty of London. increase of population, with a larger number of deaths, would necessitate a yearly provision of space greater than this, but in connection with this the following figures as to the yearly number of deaths in the administrative County of London are of interest-
    Year.Deaths.Population.
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    Reflations.
    Year when regulations were made.Area of grave space required.Least depth of coffin from surface.Interval which shall elapse between interments.1Is foot of earth to be left between coffins ?Is there a regulation prohibiting more than one burial in a grave at one time ?*
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    Table 1. Provision for burial made by local authorities.
    Sanitary district.Population, 1896.Situation of burial place provided by local authority.Area in acres.Deaths, 1897, in district.Burials, 1897, in cemetery.Charges for common interments.Amount of Burial rate, if any, raised in parish.Poor Law Union corresponding to sanitary district.Paupers buried atFee for adults.Other cemeteries which are in use and which are situated in district. (Does not include burial places still available for occasional use under special conditions.)
    Private.Common.Total.Parishioners.Non-parishioners.
    Within county.Without county.Unconsecrated ground.Consecrated ground.Unconsecrated ground.Consecrated ground.
    Wests.d.s.d.£s.d£s.ds.d.
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    Table 1. Provision for burial made by local authorities ( continued).
    Sanitary district.Population, 1896.Situation of burial place provided by local authority.Area in acres.Deaths, 1897, in district.Burials, 1897, in cemetery.Charges for common interments.Amount of Burial rate, if any, raised in parish.Poor Law Union corresponding to sanitary district.Paupers buried atFee for adults.Other cemeteries which are in use and which are situated in district. (Does not include burial places still available for occasional use under special conditions.)
    Private.Common.Total.Parishioners.Non-parishioners.
    Within county.Without county.
    Unconsecrated ground.Consecrated ground.Uncon ecrated ground.Consecrated ground.
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    Table 2. Private Cemeteries.
    Cemetery.Situation.Area in acres.Burials in 1897.Charges for common interments.— Adults.
    Within county.Without county.PrivateCommon.Total.
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    The following is a summary of the contents of Dr. Houston's1 report—
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    D.— TABLE 1, SHOWING THE RESULTS OF THE BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF LONDON CRUDE SEWAGE. The Samples were obtained from the Outfall Works at Barking (9 samples), and at Crossness (6 samples).
    Experiment.Description of the samples of sewage.Total number of Bacteria in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Number of spores of Bacteria in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Number of Bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Remarks.
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    TABLE 1— continued.
    Experiment.Description of the samples of sewage.Total number of Bacteria in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Number of spores of Bacteria in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Number of Bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Remarks.
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    TABLE 1— continued.
    Experiment.Description of the samples of sewage.Total number of Bacteria in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Number of spores of Bacteria in 1 c.c. of crude sewage.Number of Bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine inRemarks.
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    This evidently represents an entirely satisfactory condition of aeration of the coke surfaces.
    Six-foot depth.Thirteen-foot depth.
    Number of hours since sewage drained off.Percentage of oxygen in air.Percentage of carbonic acid in air.Number of hours since sewage drained off.Percentage of oxygen in air.Percentage of carbonic acid in air.
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    The relative amounts of dissolved putrescible matter in the sewage, the chemical effluent, and the coke-bed effluent, as measured by the oxygen which they absorb from permanganate, are as follows-
    Impurity of liquid.Percentage purification calculated on raw sewage.
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    TABLE I.—SINGLE COKE-BED (4 FEET).
    Date.Number of times filled daily.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed in 4 hours by one gallon of
    Raw sewage.Effluent.
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    SINGLE AND DOUBLE COKE-BEDS.
    Date.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed in 4 hours by one gallon of
    Raw sewage.Effluent from the single coke-bed (4 feet).Effluent from the primary coke-bpd (6 feet).Effluent from the secondary coke-bed (6 feet).
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    TABLE I.—SINGLE AND DOUBLE COKE-BEDS— (continued).
    Date.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed in 4 hours by one gallon of
    Raw sewage.Effluent from the single coke-bed (4 feet).Effluent from the primary coke-bed (6 feet).Effluent from the secondary cokebed (6 feet).
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    TABLE I.—SINGLE AND DOUBLE COKE-BEDS— (continued).
    Date.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed in 4 hours by one gallon of
    Raw sewage.Effluent from the single coke-bed (4 feet).Effluent from the primary coke-bed (6 feet).Effluent from the secondary cokebed (6 feet).
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    TABLE I.—SINGLE AND DOUBLE COKE-BEDS— (continued).
    Date.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed in 4 hours by one gallon of
    Raw sewage.Effluent from the single coke-bed (4 feet).Effluent from the primary coke-bed (6 feet).Effluent from the secondary cokebed (6 feet).
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    1. — Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c. ( table I., col . 2).
    1898.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-foot bed.Effluent from 6-foot bed.
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    2.— N umber of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. ( table I., col . 3).
    1898.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6-ft. coke-bed.
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    3.—N umber of liquefying bacteria in 1 c.c. ( table I., col . 4).
    1898.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6-ft. coke-bed.
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    The following is a summary of the results shown in col. 5 of Table I.—
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-foot coke-bed.Effluent from 6-foot coke-bed.Effluent from 6-foot coke-bed again passed through the laboratory vessel at Crossness.
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    Continued from previous page...
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-foot coke-bed.Effluent from 6-foot coke-bed.Effluent from 6-foo coke-bed again passed through the laboratory vessel at Crossness.
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    The following is a summary of the results, as regards B. coli shown in col. 5, Table I.—
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-foot coke-bed.Effluent from 6-foot coke-bed.
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    Table I., showing the results of the bacteriological examination of Crossness crude sewage, the effluent from the 4-foot coke-bed, the effluent from the 6-foot coke-bed, and the effluent from the laboratory vessel (effluent from 6-foot coke-bed again treated in the laboratory at Crossness).
    Expt.Description of the samples.Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. of the sample.Remarks.
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    Continued from previous page...
    Expt.Description of the samples.Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. of the sample.Remarks.
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    Continued from previous page...
    Expt.Description of the samples.Total number of bacteria, in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. of the sample.Remarks.
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    continuted from previous page...
    Expt.Description of the samples.Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. of the sample.Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. of the sample.Remarks.
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    Table 2. —Showing the results of the bacteriological examination of the effluents from the Crossness and Barking Outfall Works and the water of the River Thames.
    Expt.Description of the samples. 1.Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c. 2.Number of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. 3.Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatine in 1 c.c. 4.Remarks. 5.
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    Continued from previous page...
    Expt.Description of the samples. 1.Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c. 2.Number of spores of bacteria in 1 c.c. 3.Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of the gelatin in 1 c.c. 4.Remarks. 5.
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    Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. Coke-hodEffluent from 6-ft. (primary) Cote-bedEffluent from 6-ft. (secondary) Coke-bed
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    Number of bacteria causing liquefaction of gelatine in 1 cc.-
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-foot Coke-bedeffluent from 6-foot (primary) Coke-bedEffluent from 6-foot (secondary) Coke-bed.
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    Number of Spores of Bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. Coke-bedEffluent from 6-ft. (primary) Coke--bedEffluent from 6-ft. (secondary) Coke-bed[/##]
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    Number of B. coli (or closely allied forms) in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6-ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from 6-ft. secondary coke-bed.
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    Number ok spores of B. enteritidis sporogenes (Klein) in 1 c.c
    Date.Crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6-ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from laboratory vessel (6-ft; coke-bed effluent again treated).Effluent from 6-ft. secondary coke-bed.
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    On January 20th, 1899, an attempt was made to estimate the free oxygen in solution in the effluents from the four beds, and the following results were obtained —
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    On March 9th, 1899, the capacity of the beds was ascertained to be as follows—
    Description of bed.Capacity of each bed in gallons.Percentage of whole volume of bed.Corresponding capacity per acre of bed.
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    The average percentage purification during the continuance of the experiments as measured by the oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours was as follows—
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    The average purification effected by one daily filling was—
    Description of bed.Oxygen absorbed.Percentage purification.
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    The average purification effected during two fillings per day was—
    Description of bed.Oxygen absorbed.Percentage purification.
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    Table A.—Variation in Percentage Capacity of the Primary Beds.
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    The following figures indicate the capacity of the various beds expressed as percentages of the total tank volume.
    1899.Primary coarse bed A.Secondary coarse bed A 1.Primary coarse bed B.Secondary fine bed B 1.
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    Nitrification. —The average amount of nitrification produced by the nitrifying organisms in the various beds up to 31st December, 1899, is indicated by the following numbers—
    Description of liqnid examined.Weight of oxidised nitrogen present in the sewage and in the effluent in grains per gallon.
    Nitrous nitrogen.Nitric nitrogen.
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    Number of Fillings Per Week of the 13-foot Coke Bed, and Weekly Average Purification.
    Week endingNo. of fillings per week.Average percentage purification as measured by the oxygen absorbed from permanganate in lour hours.
    By the total putrescible matter.By the dissolved putrescible matter.
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    I.—BARKING RESULTS. Table 1.—Chemical Results of the Estimation of the Amount of Oxygen Absorbed from Permanganate by the Sewage and by the Effluents from the Beds of Ragstone and Coke.
    Date.Number of times filled daily.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours * by one gallon of—
    Crude sewage.Effluent from the Ragstone series.Effluent from the Coke series.
    Primary coarse bed.Secondary fine bed.Primary coarse bed.Secondary fine bed.
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    TABLE I.—( continued).
    Date.Number of times filled daily.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours by one gallon of—
    Crude sewage.Effluent from the Ragstone series.Effluent from the Coke series.
    Primary coarse bed.Secondary fine bed.Primary coarse bed.Secondary-fine bed.
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    TABLE I.—( continued).
    Date.Number of times filled daily.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours by one gallon of—
    Crude sewage.Effluent from the Ragstone series.Effluent from the Coke series.
    Primary coarse bed.Secondary fine bed.Primary coarse bed.Secondary-fine bed.
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    Table 2.—Temperature Readings of the Atmosphere and of the Effluents from the Coke-beds of Series A. and B. Temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.
    Date.Air.Crude sewage.Air.Effluent from primary bed A.Effluent from primary bed B.Air.Effluent from secondary bed A 1.Effluent from secondary bed B 1.
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    Table 3.—Temperature Readings of the Atmosphere, of the Crude Sewage, of the Effluents from the Coke-beds and of the Interior of the Coke-beds of Series A. and B. Temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit.
    Date.Air.Crude sewage.Air.Primary beds.Air.Secondary beds.
    Interior of bed A.Effluent from bed A.Effluent from bed B.Interior of bed A 1.Effluent from bed A 1.Effluent from bed B 1.
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    Table 4.—Percentage Composition of the Air at the Bottom of the Primary Coke-bed B.
    Date.Number of hours bed stood empty.Percentage of carbon dioxide.Percentage of oxygen.Date.Number of hours bed stood empty.Percentage of carbon dioxide.Percentage of oxygen.
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    Table 4.—( continued).
    Date.Number of hours bed stood empty.Percentage of carbon dioxide.Percentage of oxygen.Date.Number of hours bed stood empty.Percentage of carbon dioxide.Percentage of oxygen.
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    Table 5.—Amount of Nitrification produced in the Coke Beds of Series A and B.
    Date.Nitrogen as Nitrite inNitrogen as Nitrate in
    Crude sewage.Coke-beds of Series A.Coke-beds of Series B.Crude sewage.Coke-beds of Series A.Coke-beds of Series B.
    Primary Coarse Bed.Secondary Coarse Bed.Primary Coarse Bed.Secondary Pine Bed.Primary Coarse Bed.Secondary Coarse Bed.Primary Coarse Bed.Secondary Fine Bed.
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    Table 5.—( continued).
    Date.Nitrogen as Nitrite inNitrogen as Nitrate in
    Crude sewage.Coke.beds of Series A.Coke.beds of Series B.Crude sewage.Coke.beds of Series A.Coke.beds of Series B.
    Primary Coarse Bed.Secondary Coarse Bed.Primary Coarse BedSecondary Fine Bed.Primary Coarse Bed.Secondary Coarse Bed.Primary Coarse BedSecondary Fine Bed.
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    Table 6.—Number of times the Coke.beds of Series A and B were filled each day, and the amount of Oxygen absorbed by the Crude Sewage and by the corresponding Coke.bed Effluents.
    Date, 1899.Number of times filled daily.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by one gallon of
    Crude sewage.Effluent from series A.Effluent from series B.
    Primary coarse bed.Secondary coarse bed.Primary coarse bed.Secondary fine bed.
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    Table 6.—( continued).
    Date, 1899.Number of times filled daily.Number of grains of oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours by one gallon of—
    Crude sewage.Effluent from series A.Effluent from series B.
    Primary course bed.Secondary coarse bed.Primary coarse bed.Secondary fine bed.
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    Tables 7.—Particulars of the Treatmknt of Sedimented Chemical Effluent in the One Acre Coke.Bed.
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 7—( continued).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
    1898.
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    Table 7— (continued,).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    T able 7 —( continued).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 7 —(continued).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 7— ( continued ) .
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter..By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 7—( continued).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 7—( continued).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
    1899.
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    Table 7—( continued).
    Date, 1898.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 7—( continued).
    Date, 189&.Sewage chemically treated and sedimented as supplied to the coke.bed.Coke.bed effluent.Quantity treated. Gallons.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.Nitrogen as
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
    1899.
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    Averages.
    Date.Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in 4 hours.Nitrogen asRemarks.
    By the total oxidisable matter.By the dis[???]ved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.By the total oxidisable matter.By the dissolved oxidisable matter.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    2.—CROSSNESS RESULTS. Table 8.—Details of the Analytical Results obtained from the Crude Sewage and the Effluent from the Bacterial Beds.
    Date.Crude sewage.Coke-bed effluent.
    Number of fillings per day.Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by the dissolved putrescible matter.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by the dissolved putrescible matter.Nitrogen as
    Nitrite.Nitrate.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 8.—( continued).
    Date.Crude sewage.Coke-bed effluent.
    Number of fillings per day.Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by the dissolved putrescible mattei.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by the lissolved putrescible matter.Nitrogen as
    Nitrite.Nitrate.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 8.—( continued).
    Date.Crude sewage.Coke-bed effluent.
    Number of fillings per day.Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by the dissolved putrescible mattei.Nitrogen asOxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours by the dissolved putrescible matter.Nitrogen as
    Nitrite.Nitrate.Nitrite.Nitrate.
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    Table 9.—Details op the Analytical Results obtained prom the Treatment op Crude Sewage by Rapid Sedimentation followed by Intermittent Treatment in a Coke.Bed.
    Date.Daily average rate of flow of the sewage through the channels.Feet per minute.Average daily samples of the sewage subjected to sedimentation, collected during 24 hours' flow.Average samples of the portion of edimented sewage subjected to coke.bed treatment.
    Oxygen absorbed from permanganate in four hours.
    By the total oxidisable matter in the sewage.By the dissolved oxidisable matter in the sewage.By the total oxidisable matter in sewage effluent after sedimentation.By the dissolved oxidisable matter in the sewage effluent after sedimentation.By the dissolved oxidisable mattei in the sewage effluent after sedimentation and before coke.bed treatment.By the dissolved oxidisable matter in the effluent from the coke.bed.
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    Fourteen micro-photographs illustrating the work accompanied the Report. The chief results obtained may be stated as follows—
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    (a) Total Number of Bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4 ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. secondary coke-bed.
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    (h) Number of Spores of Aerobic Bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4 ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. secondary coke - bed.
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    (b) Number of Spokes of Aerobic Bacteria in 1 c.c.— continued.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. secondary coke-bed.
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    (d) Number of B. Coli or Closely Allied Forms in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4 ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. (primary) coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. (secondary) coke-bed.
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    (e) Number of Sports of B. Enteritidis Sporogenes in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4-ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. coke-bed again passed through the laboratory vessel at Crossness.Effluent from 6 ft. secondary coke-bed.
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    The following is a Table of the results as regards B. enteritidis sporogenes (Klein)— Table 1. —Number of Spores of B. Enteritidis Sporogenes (Klein).
    Date.Barking crude sewage.Effluents from the coke and ragstone beds at Barking.
    Coke.Ragstone.
    Coarse.Fine.Coarse.Fine.
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    Table 2.— Total number of bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Date.Barking crude sewage.Effluent from primary ooarse bed; series A.Effluent from secondary coarse bed; series A.Effluent from primary coarse bed; series B.Effluent from secondary fine bed; series B
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    The number of B. coli in the crude sewage and effluents is shown in the following Table— Table 3.— Number of B. coli, or closely allied forms, in 1 c.c.
    Date.Barking crude sewage.Effluent from primary coarse bed; series A.Effluent from secondary coarse bed; series A.Effluent from primary coarse bed; series B.Effluent from secondary fine bed; series B.
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    The number of spores of B. enteritidis sporogenes is shown in the following Table— Table 4.— Number of spores of B. enteritidis sporogenes (Klein).
    Date.Barking crude sewage.Effluent from primary coarse bed; series A.Effluent from secondary coarse bed; series A.Effluent from primary coarse bed; series B.Effluent from secondary fine bed; series B.
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    Table 5.— Number of spores of anaerobic bacteria in 1 c.c. [Agar at 37° C.]
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from 4 ft. coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. primary coke-bed.Effluent from 6 ft. secondary coke-bed.
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    Table 6.— Sh ow ing the total number of bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from the 13 ft. coke-bed at Crossness.
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    (b) Number of B. Coli or Closely Allied Forms. The results, as regards B. coli, are given in the following table— Table 7.— Number of B. coli or closely allied forms per c.c.
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from the 13 ft. coke-bed at Crossness.
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    Table 8. —Showing the number of spores of B. enteritidis sporogenes (Klein).
    Date.Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from the 13 ft. coke-bed at Crossness.
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    Table 9.— Showing the number of bacteria (agar at 37° C. and gelatine at 20° C.) in seven samples of Crossness crude sewage, and seven samples of the effluent from the 13 ft. coke-bed.
    Date.Number of bacteria in 1 c.c.
    Crossness crude sewage.Effluent from the 13 ft. coke-bed.
    Agar at 37° C.Gelatine at 20° C.Agar at 37° C.Gelatine at 20° C.
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    The results obtained are shown in the following Table—
    Date of inoculation of peptone solution.Date of examination of peptone culture.Descriptive number of cultures.Remarks. Results of the examination of the peptone cultures.
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    The results obtained were as follows—
    Date of inoculation of peptone solution.Date of examination of peptone culture.Descriptive number of cultures.Remarks. Results of the examination of the peptone cultures.
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    The results obtained are shown in the following Table—
    Date of inoculation of the oblique agar tubes.Descriptive number of cultures.Results. As regards red growth on oblique agar tubes.
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    The results obtained are shown in the following table—
    Date of inoculation of the oblique agar tubes.Descriptive number of cultures.Results. As regards red growth on oblique agar tubes.
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    The results obtained are shown in the following Table—
    Date of inoculation of the oblique agar tubes.Descriptive number of cultures.Results. As regards presence or absence of characteristic coloured growth of St. pyogenes aureus.
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    The results as regards oxidised nitrogen and oxygen absorbed from permanganate were as follows- Oxygen absorbed from Permanganate in Four Hours at 80° F. Parts per 100,000.
    Crude sewage.Effluent from primary coarse bed ; series A.Effluent from secondary coarse bed; series A.Effluent from primary coarse bed; series B.Effluent from secondary fine bed; series B.
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    Normal Sewer Air Experiments. Table I.
    Number of Experiment.Date of Experiment.Direction and Force of Wind.Baro metrical pressure.Temperature (shade).Tempera ture of Sewer Air.Current of Air in Sewer.Quantity of Sewage.Vols. of CO2 in 10,000 Fresh Air.Vols. of CO2 in l0,000 Sewer Air.Time Experiment began.Time Experiment finished.Organisms in 10 litres of Fresh Air.Organisms in 10 litres of Sewer Air.Remarks.
    Moulds.Bacteria.Total.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.
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    Splashing Experiments. Table II.
    Number of ExperimentDate of Experiment.Direction and Force of Wind.Barometrical pressure.Temperature (shade).Temperature of Sewer Air.Current of Air in Sewer.Quantity of Sewage.Vols. of CO2 in per 10.000 Fresh Air..Vols. of CO2 in per 10.000 Fresh AirTime Experiment began.Time Experiment finished.Organisms in 10 litres of normal sewer air.Organisms in 10 litres of Sewer Air during splashing.Organisms in 10 litres of Sewer Air during splashing.Total.Remarks.
    Moulds.BacteriaTotal.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.Moulds.Bacteria.
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    Deodorising1 Experiments. Table III.
    Number of Experiment..Date of Experiment.Direction and Force of Wind.Barometrical pressure.Temperature (shade).Temperature of Sewer Air.Current of Air in Sewer.Quantity of Sewage.Vols. of C02 in 10,000 Fresh Air.Vols. of C02 in 10,000 Fresh AirTime Experiment began.Time Experiment finished.Organisms in 10 litres of Fresh Air.Organisms in 10 litres of Sewer Air.Remarks.
    Moulds.BacteriaTotal.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.
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    TABLE I.
    No. and date of experiment.Direction and force of wind.Barometrical pressure.Temperature.Velocity of air current, in feet per second.Vols, of CO2 per 10,000. Fresh air.Vols, of CO2 per 10,000, Sewer air.Organisms in 10 litres of fresh air.Organisms in 10 litres of sewer air.Remarks.
    Shade.Sewer.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.
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    TABLE II.
    No. and date of experiment.Barometrical pressure.Temperature of sewer air.Velocity of air current in feet per second.Length of time sewer was kept full of sewage.Lapse of time since sewer was emptied.Vols. of CO2 per 10,000 Pump room air.Organisms in 10 litres of pump room air.Organisms in 10 litres of sewer air.Remarks.
    Moulds.Bacteria.Total.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.
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    TABLE III
    No. and date of experiment.Barometrical pressure.Temperature of sewer air.Velocity of air current in feet per second.Vols, of CO, per 10,000. Pump room air.Vols, of CO, per 10,000. Sewer air.Organisms in 10 litres of pump room air.Organisms in 10 litres of sewer air.Remarks.
    Moulds.Bacteria.Total.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.
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    TABLE IV.
    No. and date of experiment.Direction and force of wind.Barometrical pressure.Temperature.Velocity of air current.Vols, of CO2 per 10,000. Pump room air.Vols, of CO2 per 10,000. Sewer air.Organisms in 10 litres of fresh air.Organismsin 10 litres of sewer air.Remarks.
    Shade.Sewer.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.Moulds.Bacteria.Total.
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    With regard to the composition of average London ash-bin refuse the following analyses taken from a paper read at the Sanitary Institute on February 10th, 1892, by Mr. Jos. Russell, may be of interest—
    Component Parts.Average per 1,000 loads.Percentages by weight.
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    APPENDIX I. PARTICULARS RELATING TO DUST DISPOSAL FOR THE YEAR 1892, LONDON SANITARY DISTRICTS.
    Name of district or parish.Number of inhabitants at middle of 1892.Quantity of dust collected per year, inHow disposed of, i.e., burnt or otherwise.Kind of furnace used, date when built, and quantity consumed per cell in 24 hours.Is a cremator used, and, if so, what is the cost of working it?Balance sheet for one year, exclusive of capital account, showing cost of collection and disposal separately.
    Tons.Cubic yards.Collection.Disposal.Total.
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    APPENDIX I.— continued. LONDON SANITARY DISTRICTS.
    Name of parish or town.Number of inhabitants at middle of 1892.Quantity of dust collected per ton, inHow disposed of, i.e., burnt or otherwise.Kind of furnace used, date when built, and quantity consumed per cell in 24 hours.Is a cremator used, and, if so, what is the cost of working it ?Balance sheet for one year, exclusive of capital account, showing cost of collection and disposal separately.
    Tons.Cubic yards.Collection.Disp???l.Total.
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    APPENDIX II. PARTICULARS RELATING TO DUST DISPOSAL FOR THE YEAR 1892. PROVINCIAL SANITARY DISTRICTS IN WHICH DUST DESTRUCTORS ARE IN USE.
    Name of parish or town.Number of inhabitants at middle of 1892.Quantity of dust collected per year, inHow disposed of, i.e., burnt or otherwise.Kind of furnace used, date when built, and quantity consumed per cell in 24 hours.Is a cremator used, and, if so, what is the cost of working it ?Balance sheet for one year, exclusive of capital account, showing cost of collection and disposal separately.
    Tons.Cubic yards.Collection.Disposal.Total.
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    APPENDIX II.— continued. PROVINCIAL SANITARY DISTRICTS IN WHICH DUST DESTRUCTORS ARE IN USE.
    Name of parish or town.Number of inhabitants at middle of 1892.Quantity of dust collected per year, inHow disposed of, i.e., burnt or otherwise.Kind of furnace used, date when built, and quantity consumed per cell in 24 hours.Is a cremator used, and, if so, what is the cost of working it ?Balance sheet for one year, exclusive of capital account, showing cost of collection and disposal separately.
    Tons.Cubic yards.Collection.Disposal.Total.
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    APPENDIX III. Abstract of replies received from Medical Officers of Health in reply to questions as to complaints of nuisance caused by Dust Destructors.
    District in which Destructor is situated.If complaints have been received as to nuisance (offensive smell or dust) from inhabitants of houses in the vicinity of the site of the Destructor.If complaints have been received that dust and smoke from the chimney interfere with any trade or manufacturing process carried on in the neighbourhood of the Destructor.If complaints have been received at anytime, but are not now forthcoming, whether the improvement is attributed to any particular alteration adopted in the method of burning the refuse.General character of the neighbourhood in which the Destructor in situated, and especially if there are inhabited houses in the vicinity.Remarks
    1.2.3.4.5.6.
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    APPENDIX III.—continued.
    District in which Destructor is situated.If complaints have been received as to nuisance (offensive smell or dust) from inhabitants of house3 in the vicinity of the site of the Destructor.If complaints have been received that dust and smoke from the chimney interfere with any trade or manufacturing process carried on in the neighbourhood of the Destructor.If complaints have been received at any time, but are not now forthcoming, whether the improvement is attributed to any particular alteration adopted in the method of burning the refuse.General character of the neighbourhood in which the Destructor is situated, and especially if there are inhabited houses in the vicinity.Remarks.
    1.2.1.4.5.6.
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    APPENDIX III .—continued.
    District in which Destructor is situated.If complaints have been received as to nuisance (offensive smell or dust) from inhabitants of houses in the vicinity of the site of the Destructor.If complaints have been received that dust and smoke from the chimney interfere with any trade or manufacturing process carried on in the neighbourhood of the Destructor.If complaints have been received at any time, but are not now forthcoming. whether the improvement is attributed to any particular alteration adopted in the method of burning the refuse.General character of the neighbourhood iu which the Destructor is situated, and especially if there are inhabited houses iu the vicinity.Remarks.
    1.2.3.4.5.6.
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    REFUSE DESTRUCTORS.
    TownPopulation (Dust dealt with)Size of site.Type of Destructor.No of Years Working.Percentage Residue.COST.No. of CellsCapacity of Cells per 24 hrs. Tons.Height of ShaftTemperature of Hue.No. of Boilers.Steam Pressure.Total Horse PowerCost per ton of burning.REMARKS.
    Land.Machinery Buildings.Destructor Buildings.Cells.Chimney Shaft.Machine!"