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restriction of smoke emission is directed against only the factory
chimney. Without opening the vexed question as to the ratio in which
the factory and the domestic chimney contribute to the smoke nuisance,
it cannot be gainsaid that the domestic use of coal plays a most
important part in the pollution of the air. As this pollution conduces
to respiratory catarrh, rickets, etc., and deprives us of the biological
effect of light, it becomes a matter of self-interest to each of us to do
what we can to effect its reduction by adopting smokeless methods of
heating and cooking.
Before reviewing which methods are available, consideration has to
be given as to whether heating is required for short or for long periods.
Electricity, which can reach its maximum efficiency (up to 100%)
quickly, provides at once an excellent form of energy but one which,
under the present system of supply, is prohibitive in price for workingclass
homes if required over a long period for heating purposes.
Gas, consumed in fires of modern construction, has an efficiency of
over 50 %, attains its heating power rapidly, and provides a very cheap
form of fuel especially where heat is wanted quickly and for a short
time. Anthracite, although capable of being burned as an open fire, is
chiefly used in the closed stove. Neither electricity nor anthracite
stoves nor gas fires, however, meet the old-fashioned prejudice in favour
of the open fire. Those wedded to this form of heating could, however,
still indulge their inclinations while reducing their contribution to the
smoke problem by using one of the smokeless fuels prepared by the
process of low temperature carbonisation.
A type of open fire which has many advantages is the gas-coke fire.
There is, of course, the initial expense of installation, as substantial
fire-brick insulation at the back and sides and widely spaced bars to
ensure efficient draught are essential. Inset grates making such provision
and having a gas-ignition burner attached are now on the market.
Amongst the many advantages of such a fire may be mentioned the
following:—labour saving, being easily ignited and requiring little
subsequent attention ; when lit burns with a brilliant incandescence ;
produces no fumes and being practically smokeless reduces the necessity
for frequent redecoration and sweeping of chimneys ; is an excellent
source of radiant heat and initiates good ventilation ; finally, provides
one of the cheapest means for supplying heat over a long period. The
installation of such fires is much to be desired.