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71
The windows should be properly distributed over the walls of
the classrooms so that every desk shall be sufficiently lighted.
Ventilation.
The chief point in all ventilation is to prevent stagnant air;
particular expedients are only subsidiary to the main principle.
There must be ample provision for the continuous inflow of fresh
air, and also for the outflow of foul air. The best way of providing
the latter is to build to each room a separate air chimney carried up
in the same stack with smoke flues. An outlet should be by a warm
flue or exhaust, otherwise it will frequently act as a cold inlet.
Outlets in ceilings must not open into a false roof, but must be
properly connected with some form of extract ventilator.
Inlets are best placed in corners of rooms furthest from doors
and fireplaces, and should be arranged to discharge upwards into the
room. Gratings in floors should never be provided.
The size of the inlets and outlets must be carefully adapted to
the method of ventilation proposed. A much larger area is required
when no motive force is provided. Besides being continually ventilated
by the means above described, rooms should as often as
possible be flushed with fresh air admitted through open windows
and doors. Sunshine is of particular importance in its effects on
ventilatioD and also on the health of the children.
Although lighting from the left is considered so important,
ventilation demands also the provision of a small swing window as
far from the lighting as possible, and near the ceiling.
Warming.
The heat should be moderate and evenly distributed so as to
maintain a temperature of from 56 to 60 degrees.
Where schools are wholly warmed by hot water, the principle
of direct radiation is recommended. In such cases open fireplaces
in addition are useful for extra warming on occasions, and their
flues for ventilation always.
A common stove, with a pipe through the wall or roof, can in
no circumstances be allowed. Stoves are only approved when:—
(1) provided with proper chimneys (as in the case of open
fires).