London's Pulse: Medical Officer of Health reports 1848-1972
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Hints from the Health Department. Leaflet from the archive of the Society of Medical Officers of Health. Credit: Wellcome Collection, London
London County Council 1908
[Report of the Medical Officer of Health for London County Council]
- Published
- 1909
- Pages
- 280
- Tables
- 269
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Page 5
Sanitary areas.—Population (imiddle of 1908).
Sanitary area. Estimated population (middle of 1908). Sanitary area. Estimated population (middle of= 1908). -
Page 5
Marriage-rates.
Period. Marriage-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Marriage-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 6
Marriages of minors per cent, oj total marriages.
Period. London. England and Wales. 1 Males. Females. Males. Females. -
Page 6
London—Birth-rates.
Period. Birth-rate par 1,000 persons living. Period. Birth-rateper 1,000 persons living. -
Page 6
England and Wales—Birth-rates.
Period. Birth-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Birth-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 7
Birth-rates in sanitary areas.
Sanitary area. Births,111908 (63 weeks). Birth-rate1 per 1,000 persons living. Legitimate births1 per 100 married females aged 15-45. 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 8
All Causes—Death-rates.
Period. • Death-rate (All Causes) per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate (All Causes) per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 8
All Causes—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. Estimated Populal ion (middle of 190S.) Crude death-rate ...per 1,000 persons living. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living (corrected for age and sex distribution). Comparative mortality figure. 1898-1907. 1908. 1898-1907. 1908. 1908. -
Page 8
All Causes-—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 9
Death-rates per 1,000 living at the several age-periods in 1908 as compared with those of the decennium 1891-1900.
Age-period. Males. Females. Mean death-rate 1891-1900. Death-rate 1908. Difference per cent. Mean death-rate 1891-1900. Death-rate 1908. Difference per cent. -
Page 9
Table I. Mean future lifetime of males and females in groups of ages, calculated from the London Life Table , 1891-1900.
Age-group. Males. Females. Age-group. Males. Femalos. Years. Years. Years. Years. -
Page 10
TaUe II. Lives and " Life-capital" gained or lost in 1908, as compared with the decennium 1891-1900.
Age-group. Deaths calculated according to mean death-rates of 1891-1900. Deaths occurring in the year 1908. Gain ( + ) or loss (—) of lives in the year 1908, by fluctuations of mortality. Gain (+ ) or loss (—) of "life capital" in the year 1908 by fluctuations of mortality. -
Page 10
Number of deaths , 1908, compared with the annual average deaths of the preceding decennium , 1898-1907.
Cause of death. Diminution in 1908. Excess in 1908. -
Page 11
Continued from previous page...
Cause of Death. Diminution in 1908. Excess in 1908. -
Page 11
Crude and corrected death.rates 1 {All Causes), per 1,000 persons living, in the County of London, and the several sanitary districts.
Area. standard death. rate. Factor for correction for age and sex distribution. Crude death.rate per 1,000 persons living. Corrected death. rate per 1,000 persons living. Corrected comparative mortality figure (London, 1,U)0). 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 12
Death-rates in sanitary areas per 1,000 persons living in 1908, calculated (a) on Registrar-Generals Annual Summary population and (b) on Equalisation of Rates population.
Sanitary area. Population (estimated to the middle of the year). Crude Death-rate.1 Amount by which the death-rate based on estimate (b) differs from that based on (a). (a) Annual Summary estimate. (b) Equalisation of Rates estimate. Calculated on (a). Calculated on (b). -
Page 13
The following table shows the number of deaths 1 (All Causes) occurring at the several age periods in each of the sanitary areas of the Administrative County of London during the year 1908 (366 days)— All Causes—Deaths at the several age-periods in sanitary areas—1908 (366 days).
Age-period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- Under 5 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- 85 & upwards All Ages. -
Page 13
Death-rates per 100,000 living from All Causes, cmd /row Specified Causes, in each of the several sanitary areas, 1908 (366 days).
Sanitary area. Measles. Rheumatic Fever. Carcinoma. Sarcoma. Cancer (nototherwi.se defined). Tabes Mesenterica. Tuberculous Meningitis. Phthisis. Othei Tuberculous and Scrofulous 1 )iseases. Pneumonia. Other Respiratory Disease*. All other Causes. All Cause*. -
Page 14
Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
Period. Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births. Period. Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births. -
Page 14
Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 14
Sanitary areas—Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
Sanitary area. Deaths under one year of age, 1908. (53 weeks) Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 15
Infantile mortality during the year 1908. Deaths from stated causes in the first four weeks of life and in months under one year of age (53 weeks).
Cause of death. Under 1 Week. 1-2 Weeks. 2-3 Weeks. 3-4 Weeks. Total under 1 Month. 1-2 Months. 2-3 Months. 3-4 Months. 4-5 Months. 5-6 Months. 6-7 Months. 7-8 Months. 8-9 Months. 9-10 Months. 10-11 Months. 11-12 Months. Total Deaths under one year. -
Page 15
Comparison may be made between the number of deaths from the several causes in the above table with those of the three antecedent years by reference to the following table:—
Cause of death. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. -
Page 16
Continued from previous page...
Cause of death. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. -
Page 16
The total deaths from all causes at ages in 1908 may be compared with similar figures included in the Annual Reports for the years 1905, 1906 and 1907. The deaths in the four years are as follows:—
Year. Under 1 Week. 1-2 Weeks. 2-3 Weeks. 3-4 Weeks. Total under 1 Month. 1-2 Months. 2-3 Months. 3-4 Months. 4-5 Months. —— 5-6 Months. 6-7 Months. 7-8 Months. 8-9 Months. 9-10 Months. 10-11 .Months. 11-12 Months. Total Deaths under one year. -
Page 17
London—Deaths, 1 per 1,000 births, of infants under one year of age from all causes and certain specified causes.
Year. All causes. Measles. Whooping-cough. Diarrhœal diseases. Wasting diseases. Tuberculous diseases. Meningitis and convulsions. Bronchitis. Pneumonia. Other causes. -
Page 17
London —1908. Life Table for the first 12 months of life (based on the mortality of the year 1908).
Age-period. Registered deaths. 1908. Probability of living for one month. 1908. Number living at the beginning of each month of age. 1907. Number living at the beginning of each month of age. 1906. Number living at the beginning of each month of age. 1905. Number living at the beginning of each month of age. X/12 1908. P x/12 l x/12 1 X/12 1 X/12 l x/12 -
Page 18
Deaths at each interval of age (under one year) from All Causes in sanitary areas in 1908 (53 weeks).
Sanitary area. Under 1 Week. 1-2 Weeks. 2-3 Weeks. 3-4 Weeks. Total under 1 Month. 1-2 Months. 2-3 Months. 3-4 Months. 4-5 Months. 5-6 Months. 6-7 Months. 7-8 Months. 8-9 Months. 9-10 Months. 10-11 Months. 11-12 Months. Total under 1 Year. -
Page 18
Infantile mortality and overcrowding 1 —1908.
Age-period. Proportion of overcrowding in groups of sanitary districts. I. Under 7.5 per cent. II. 7.5 to 12.5 per cent. III. 12.5 to 20.0 per cent. IV. 20.0 to 27.5 per cent. V. Over 27.5 per cent. -
Page 19
Infantile mortality and overcrowding 1 —1908.
Number of group of districts in order of overcrowding. Comparative mortality figure. Children aged 0-3 months. Children aged 3-6 months. Children aged 6-9 months. Children aged 9-12 months. Children under 1 year. 1905-7. 1908. 1905-7. 1908. 1905-7. 1908. 1905-7. 1908. 1905-7. 1908. -
Page 19
The table also indicates districts in which the services of voluntary health visitors are utilised.
Sanitary area. Staff engaged in visiting homes where births have recently occurred. Female sanitary Inspectors. Health visitors. Whether voluntary health visitors are employed. -
Page 20
Continued from previous page...
Sanitary area. Staff engaged in visiting homes where births have recently occurred. Female sanitary Inspectors. Health visitors. Whether voluntary health visitors are employed. -
Page 20
Principal Epidemic Diseases.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 20
Principal Epidemic Diseases—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 21
Six Principal Epidemic Diseases—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 21
Principal Epidemic Diseases.—Death-rates in sanitary areas.
Sanitary area. Deaths, 190S (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 22
The death-rates from smallpox in successive periods have been as follows:— Smallpox.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 22
Smallpox.—Case-rates per 1,000 living.
Year. Cases notified. Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 22
Smallpox—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1893-1907. 1908. -
Page 23
Smallpox-Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 23
Vaccination.
Year Children not finally accounted for (including cases postponed) per cent. of total births. Year. Children not finally accounted for (including casts postponed) per cent. of total births. -
Page 23
Number of children for whom certificates of conscientious objection were obtained together with the number of children not finally accounted for (including cases postponed) per cent. of births.
Metropolitan Union. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. -
Page 24
Continued from previous page...
Metropolitan Union. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. -
Page 24
Measles.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 24
Measles—Mortality among children at ages 0 — 5.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 children living at ages 0—5. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 children living at ages 0—5. -
Page 25
Measles-Death-rates 1 in sanitary areas.
Sanitary area. Deaths, 1908 (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 25
Measles 1 -Mortality among children at ages 0-5 in sanitary areas-1908.
Sanitary area. Death-rate per 1,000 children living aged 0-5, 1908. Sanitary area. Death-rate per 1,000 children living aged 0-5, 1908. Sanitary area. Death-rate per 1,000 children living aged 0-5, 1908. -
Page 26
Measles and overcrowding , 1 1901-8.
Proportion of overcrowding1 in groups of sanitary areas. Measles death-rate at ages 0-5 per 1,000 living 1901-8. -
Page 26
Measles—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 26
Measles—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 27
Measles 1 —Deaths at the several age-periods in sanitary areas —1908 (366 days).
Age-period. 0— 1— 2— 3— 4— Under 5. 5— 10— 15 and upwards. All Ages. -
Page 27
Measles.
Sanitary area. No. of cases of measles, 1908. Sanitary area. No. of cases of measles, 1908. Sanitary area. No. of cases of measles, 1908. -
Page 27
The age distribution of the cases made known to the medical officer of health is shown in the reports relating to Paddington and Fulham, thus:
-
Page 28
Scarlet Fever.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Case-mortality per cent. -
Page 29
Scarlet Fever—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1007. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 29
The following table shows that in the year 1908 the London scarlet fever death-rate was higher than that of Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Copenhagen and Rome, but in the decennium 1898-1907 was exceeded by the death-rates of Stockholm, St. Petersburg, Berlin, Vienna and New York:-
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 29
The following table shows the scarlet fever cases, deaths, case-rates, and death-rates for the year 1908, the case-rates for the decennium 1898-1907, and the death-rates for the period 1903-7 in the several sanitary districts of the County :—
Sanitary area. Notified cases, 1908 (53 weeks). Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Deaths, 1908 (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1898-1907. 1908. 1903-1907. 1908. -
Page 30
Scarlet Fever 1 - 1908.
Age-period. Males. Females. Notified cases. Deaths. Case-mortality per cent. Rates per 100,000 living. Notified cases. Deaths. Case-mortality per cent. Rates per 100,000 living. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. -
Page 30
With a view to ascertaining whether the age incidence of notified cases of scarlet fever has undergone variation in recent years, the following tables have been prepared. When the corrected case-rates of 1906-8 are compared with those of 1893-5 the figures show that ages 3-, 4- and 5- in males, and ages 4-, 5- and 20- in females, have not exhibited the decline shown at the other ages:- Scarlet fever. Case-rates per 100,000 living at certain ages, 1893-1908.
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55+ All ages. -
Page 30
Females.
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + All ages. -
Page 31
Comparative case-rates (1893-5=1,000 for each age). (These figures are corrected for difference in the age and sex constitution of the population, and the number of cases annually has been assumed to be constant.) Males
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + -
Page 31
F emales.
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + -
Page 31
If the number of cases notified in the four weeks which would be most subject to holiday influence be compared with the number of cases notified in the four preceding and four subsequent weeks, the results shown in the following table are obtained :—
Period. Notified cases—Age-periods. Increase (+) or decrease (—) per cent. 0-3 3-13 13 and upwards. 0-3 3-13 13 and up- wards. -
Page 31
In several of the reports information is given of the number of multiple cases in houses, thus :—
Paddington. Fulham. Westminster. Holborn. Battersea. -
Page 32
The diphtheria case-rates, death-rates, and case-mortality in 1908, and preceding periods, are shown in the following table :—
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Case-mortality percent. -
Page 33
Diphtheria—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1007. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 33
The following table shows that in the decennium 1898-1907 the London diphtheria death-rate exceeded that of any of the undermentioned foreign towns, except Stockholm, St. Petersburg and New York, and in 1908 was higher than that of any except St. Petersburg, Berlin, Vienna, Rome and New York :—
Town. 1898-1907, 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 33
The following table shows the diphtheria cases, deaths, case-rates, and death-rates for the year 1908, the case-rates for the decennium 1898-1907, and the death-rates for the period 1903-7, in the several sanitary districts :—
Sanitary area. Notified Cases, 1908 (53 weeks). Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Deaths, 1908. (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1898-1907. 1903. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 34
To enable the variations in diphtheria prevalence in the several sanitary areas to be more clearly appreciated, the following table has been prepared. This table shows the comparative case-rates of each area in each of the years 1891-1908 inclusive, i.e., the case-rates of each area are shown in relation to the London case-rate of the same year, the London rates being taken as 100 —
Sanitary area. Comparative case-rate (London case-rate taken as 100). 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 19 08. -
Page 34
Diphtheria 1 —1908.
Age-period. Males. Females. Notified Cases. Deaths. Case mortality per cent. Rates per 100,000 living. Notified Cases. Deaths. Case mortality per cent. Rates per 100,000 living. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. -
Page 35
Diphtheria. Case-rates per 100,000 living, at certain ages , 1893-1908. Males
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + All ages. -
Page 35
Females.
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + All ages. -
Page 35
Comparative case-rates (1893-5=1,000 for each age). (These figures are corrected for difference in the age and sex constitution of the population, and the number of cases annually has been assumed to be constant). Males
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + -
Page 35
Females.
Period. 0- 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + -
Page 36
Diphtheria—Notified cases —1908.
Period. Notified cases—Age periods. Increase or decrease percent. 0—3. 3-13. 13 and upwards. 0-3. 3—13. 13 and upwards. I -
Page 36
The following table shows the number of cases from which material was examined in each of the 23 districts referred to:—
Sanitary area. No. of specimens examined. No. found positive. Sanitary area. No. of specimens examined. No. found positive. -
Page 37
Whooping Cough
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 37
The following are the death-rates of children under five years of age. The steady fall of the death-rate during these periods is conspicuous :- Whooping-cough-Mortality among children at ages 0-5.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 children living at ages 0-5. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 children living at ages 0-5. -
Page 38
It will be seen from the following table that in the decennium 1898-1907 the London whooping-cough death-rate was exceeded by the death-rates of Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, West Ham, Newcastle-on-Tyne and Salford, and in the year 1908 was lower than all except that of Bradford and Leicester.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 38
The following table shows that the London whooping-cough death-rate was, in the decennium 1898-1907, higher than that of any of the undermentioned foreign towns, and in the year 1908, higher than that of all except Amsterdam, Copenhagen, and St. Petersburg.
Town. 1893-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 38
The following table shows the whooping-cough deaths and death-rates for the year 1908 and the death-rates for the period 1903-7 in the several metropolitan sanitary districts :—
Sanitary area. Deaths, 1908 (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 39
Whooping-cough mortality and overcrowding , 1 1901-8.
Proportion of overcrowding in groups of sanitary areas. Whooping cough death-rates at ages 0-5 per 1,000 living. 1901-8. -
Page 39
As in the case of measles some of the annual reports show the number of cases of whooping-cough which became known to the medical officers of health in 1908, and the following figures are thus supplied:—
Sanitary area. No. of cases. Sanitary area. No. of cases. Sanitary area. No. of cases. -
Page 39
The death-rates from this disease in successive periods have been as follows :—
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 40
The case-rates and death-rates per 1,000 persons living and the case-mortality per cent, in 1908 and preceding periods were as follows :—
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Case-mortality per cent. -
Page 40
The following table shows the enteric fever cases, deaths, case-rates and dealh-rates for the year 1908, the case-rates for the decennium 1898-1907, and the death-rates for the period 1903-7 in the several sanitary districts—
Sanitary area. Notified cases, 1908 (53 weeks). Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Deaths, 1908 (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1898-1907. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 42
Enteric fever.—Case-rates per 100,000 living, at certain ages, 1893-1908. Males.
Period. 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55+ All ages. -
Page 43
Females.
Period. 1 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55 + All ages. -
Page 43
Enteric Fever 1 —1908.
Age-period. Males. I Females. Notified Cases. Deaths. Case-mortality per cent. Rates per 100,000 living. Notified Cases. Deaths. « Case-mortality per cent. Rates per 100,000 living. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. -
Page 43
Diarrhcea—Death* r at the several age-periods —1908.
Disease. Under 1 year. 1-5. 5-20. 20-40. 40-60. 60-80. 80 and upwards All ages. -
Page 44
Diarrhra¡ªDeath-rates per 1,000 persons living.
Town. 1898-1907. 1908. Town. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 44
The deaths and death-rates from diarrhoea for the year 1908, and the death-rates for the period 1903-7 in each of the sanitary areas of London, are shown in the following table:- Diarrhoea-Death-rates in sanitary areas.
Sanitary area. Deaths, 1908 (53 weeks). Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 45
Erysipelas—Death8 at the several age-periods —1908.
Under 1 Year. 1-5. 5-20. 20-40. 40-60. 60-80. 80 and upwards. All ages. -
Page 45
The number of cases notified and the number of deaths registered from this disease since 1890 have been as follows— Erysipelas.
Year. Notified Cases. Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. Deaths.1 Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 46
Erysipelas.— Case-rates in sanitary areas.
Sanitary area. Notified Cases, 1908 (53 weeks). Case-rate per 1,000 persons living. 1898-1907. 1908. -
Page 46
The following table shows the age and sex distribution of the notified cases of erysipelas in 1908
Age-peiiod. All Ages. 0- 0- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75 and upwards. -
Page 46
Puerperal Fever.—Cases notified and deaths.
Year. Notified cases. Deaths.2 -
Page 47
Puerperal Fever.— Case-rates and death-rates.
Year. Case-rate per 1,000 living. Case-rate per 1,000 births. Death-rate'per 1,000 living. Death-rate' per 1,000births. -
Page 47
Influenza, Bronchitis and Pneumonia.
Year. Deaths' from Influenza. Deaths' from Bronchitis. Deaths' from Pneumonia. -
Page 47
Influenza—Deaths 2 registered in London in four-weekly periods —1890-1908.
Number of weeks. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1891 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 -
Page 48
1 he death-rates from this disease in successive periods have been as follows :— Phthisis.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 48
Phthisis—Crude and corrected death-rates "per 1,000 persons living, in the County of London and the several sanitary districts.
Sanitary area. Standard death-rate.2 Factor for correction for age and sex distri-tribution. Crude death-rate. Corrected death-rate. Comparative mortality figure. (London 1,000.) 1003-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 49
Phthisis.—Corrected death.rates 1 per 1,000 persons living (1901-1908).
Sanitary area. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. -
Page 49
Phthisis—Deaths 1 at the several age-periods in sanitary areas. —1908 (366 days).
Age-period. 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- 85 and upwards All Ages. -
Page 50
Continued from previous page...
Age-period. 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- Soana up-wards| All Ages. -
Page 50
London, 1901-8. Phthisis death-rates in relation to overcrowding. 1
Proportion of overcrowding in each group of sanitary areas. Crude phthisis death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Standard death-rate. Factor for correction for age and sex distribution. Corrected death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Corrected death-rate (London, 1,000). -
Page 50
A system of voluntary notification of cases of phthisis has been adopted in the majority ol London sanitary districts. The districts in which this system of notification is in force and th( number of notifications in 1908 is shown in the following table:—
Sanitary area. No. of Cases. Sanitary area. No. of Cases. -
Page 52
A useful work is undertaken by sanitary authorities generally in London in giving opportunity for the examination of sputum from suspected cases of pulmonary phthisis. The annual reports relating to the following districts show the number of specimens examined and the results found. Thus :—
Sanitary area. No. of specimens examined. No. found positive. Sanitary area. No. of specimens examined. No. found positive. -
Page 52
The death-rates from tins disease in successive periods have been as follows:— Cancer.
Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Period. Death-rate per 1,000 persons living. -
Page 52
Cancer. Crude and corrected deatli-rates 1 per 1,000 persons living in the County of London and the several sanitary districts.
Sanitary area. Standard death- rate.2 Factor for correction for age and sex distribution. Crude death-rale per 1,000 persons living. Corrected death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Comparative mortality figure (London 1,000). 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 53
Continued from previous page...
Sanitary area. Standard death-rate.1 Factor for correction for age and sex distribution. Crude death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Corrected death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Comparative mortality figure (London 1,000) 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. 1903-7. 1908. -
Page 53
(a) Sarcoma.-Deaths 2 at the several age-periods in sanitary areas. -1908 (366 days).
Age-period. 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- 85 and upwards All Ages -
Page 54
(b) C arcinomA. Deaths 1 at the several age-periods in sanitary areas.— 1908 (366 days).
Age-period. 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- 85 anf up-wards All Ages. -
Page 54
(c) Cancer (otherivise undistinguished).— Death 1 at the several age-periods in sanitary areas .—1908 (366 days).
Age-period. 0- 5- 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- 85 and upwards All Ages. -
Page 55
Cancer—Deaths 1 at each age-period per 1,000 deaths at All Ages —1908 (366 days).
Age-period. All ages. J Under 35. 35- 45- 55- 65- 75- 85 and upward. -
Page 55
London , 1901-8. Cancer death-rates 1 in relation to over crowding.-
Proportion of overcrowding in each group of sanitary areas. Crude cancer death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Standard death-rate. Factor for correction for age and pex distribution. Corrected death-rate per 1,000 persons living. Corrected death-rate (London, 1,000). -
Page 55
The number of deaths in each year since 1901 has been as follows:—
Deaths. Deaths. -
Page 55
The age distribution of the 85 cases notified in 1908 was as follows:—
Ages 0- 1- 1 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- 13- 15 + -
Page 56
The distribution of the cases and deaths throughout the year was as follows:—
Quarter ended Cases. Deaths -
Page 56
Temperature and Rainfall —1908.
Month. Temperature of the air. Departure of mean monthly temperature from average of preceding 65 years. Rain. Absolute maximum. Absolute minimum. Msan for the month. Number of days it fell. Amount collected. deg. F. deg. F. deg. F. deg. F. Inches. -
Page 57
The County Council received during the year 229 applications for cowhouse licences, of which 225 were granted. The number of applications for licences received during the last fifteen years and the number granted are shown in the following table. It will be seen that the number of these premises in London is continually decreasing.
No. of applications received. No. of premises for which licences were granted. -
Page 57
Cowsheds.
Sanitary area. Number of cowshed premises. Number of inspections by the sanitary authority, 1908. Number of prosecutions by sanitary authority, 1908. On register at end of 1907. Added in 1908. Removed in 1908. On register at end of 1908. -
Page 58
The following table shows the number of milkshop premises at the end of 1907 and 1908 in the several sanitary districts of London, the number of inspections and the proceedings taken. The table has been compiled from information contained in the annual reports:-
Sanitary area. Number of premises. Number of inspections, 1908. Number of notices, 1908. Number of prosecutions, 1908. On register at end of 1907. Added in 1908. Removed in 1908. On register at end of 1908. -
Page 59
Examination of cows for tubercular disease of the udder—Summary of the reports of the Council's Veterinary Inspector for the year 1908.
Details of Examination. 1st period, 11th Jan.— 15th March, 1908. 2nd period, 16th March— 26th May, 1908. 3rd period, 27th May— 31st July, 1908. 4th period, 1st August— 4 th October, 1908. 5th period, 5th October— 5th Dec., 1908. -
Page 60
The following table shows the number of samples taken during the period under review (1st July, 1908, to 16th January, 1909), the counties from which they were derived, and the results of the bacteriological examination at the Lister Institute.
County. No. of samples taken from churns for examination. Results of examination. No. of samples found tuberculous. No. of samples found not to be tuberculous. No. of samples the examination of which was not completed owing to accident and other causes. -
Page 60
The following table shows the number of farms visited, the number of cows inspected and the number of cows certified to have tuberculosis of the udder during this period:
Couuty. No. of farms inspected. No. of cows inspected. No. of cows with tuberculous udders. -
Page 61
S laughterhouses.
Year. No. of applications received. No. of premises for which licences were granted. Year. No. of applications received. No. of premises for which licences were granted. -
Page 61
The number of slaughter-houses in each of the London sanitary areas and the frequency with which these slaughter-houses, in some of the districts, were inspected are shown in the following table:—
Sanitary area. Number of slaughterhouses. No. of inspections, 1908. No. of notices, 1908. Licensed at end of 1907. Licencelapsed or refused in 1908. Remaining at end of 1908. -
Page 62
Premises used for scheduled offensive businesses.
Sanitary area. No. on Register at end of 1908. No. of Inspections, 1908. Sanitary area. No. on Register at end of 1908. No. of Inspections, 1908. -
Page 63
The following table, which is compiled from information contained in the annual reports, shows the action taken by sanitary authorities in respect of smoke nuisance during the year, so far as this is stated in those reports.
Sanitary Area. Observations and inspections. Nuisances and complaints. Intimations. Notices. Summonses. -
Page 65
Death-rates among persons resident in the Councils dwellings , 1908. The following death-rates obtaining among tenants of the Council's buildings relate to dwellings within the county which were occupied during the whole of the year 1908. The population thus dealt with comprised 25,235 persons, and the death-rate at "all ages," after correction for age and sex distribution, was 12.2 per 1,000 living, compared with 13.8 for London:—
Cause of death. Death-rate per 1,000 living. Council's dwellings. London. -
Page 65
Proceedings in respect of houses represented under Part II. of the Act as unfit for human habitation. The following tabular statement shows the proceedings of the district authorities concerning houses represented as unfit for human habitation, and in respect of which the Council has received copies of representations from 1st January to the 31st December, 1908:—
Sanitary area. Total number of houses concerning which the Council has received in-formacion that representations have been made from the 1/1/08 to the 31/12/08. Number of houses dealt with by owners, without Magisterial intervention. Number of houses for which closing orders were granted. Number of houses for which closing orders were refused. Number of houses represented but subsequently dealt with under Public Health (London) Act, 1891. Still closed. Demolished. Improved. Total. Still closed. Demolished. Improved. Total. -
Page 66
In the following table will be seen the number of houses, the authorised number of lodgers, the number of convictions, with the penalties inflicted, and other particulars during each year since 1894 :—
Year. No. of houses on register. Authorised number of lodgers. No. of day visits by inspectors. No. of night visits. No. of prosecutions. No. of convictions. Penalties and costs. No. of deaths.† No. of cases of infectious disease. £ s. d. -
Page 66
The number of cases of notifiable infectious disease reported in common lodging-houses was as follows :—Erysipelas, 6 ; scarlet fever, 4; diphtheria, 2 ; enteric fever, 1—total 13. The following table shows the total number of common lodging-houses, and the authorised accomodation for the different classes of lodgers in the several sanitary areas of London, other than that of the City, on 31st December, 1908.—
Sanitary district. No. of houses. Authorised accommodation. Men. Women. Couples. Total. -
Page 67
Table showing the number of deaths of males at five age periods from certain causes per 1,000 deaths from all causes in London (1907) and licensed common lodging-houses (1907 and 1908).
Cause of death. Age 25 to 35. Age 35 to 45. Age 45 to 55. Age 55 to 65. Age 65 and upwards. London. 1907. C.L.H. 1907. CL.H, 1908. London, 1907. C.L.H. 1907. C L.H. 1908. London, 1907. C.L.H. 1907. C.L.H. 1908. London, 1907. C.L.H. 1907. C.L.H. 1908. London, 1907. C.L.H. 1907. C.L.H. 1908 +- -+, 1908 -
Page 67
In the following table will be seen the number of houses, the authorised number of lodgers, the number of convictions, with the penalties inflicted, and other particulars, during each year since the supervision of seamen's lodging houses was undertaken by the Council:—
Year. No. of houses on register. Authorised number of lodgers. No. of day visits by inspectors. No. of night visits. No. of prosecutions. No. of convictions. Penalties and costs. No. of cases of infectious disease. £ s. d. -
Page 68
On the 31st December, 1908, the total number of seamen's lodging-houses under supervision was 85, situated in the following metropolitan boroughs :—
Metropolitan borough. Houses. Lodgers. -
Page 68
Registered houses let in lodgings. Table showing the number of houses on the registers at the end of 1908, and other particulars.
Sanitary area. Number of houses. No. of Inspections, 1908. No. of Notices, 1908. I No. of Prosecutions, 1908. On register at end of 1907. Added in 1908. Removed in 1908. On register at end of 1908. -
Page 69
Continued from previous page...
Sanitary area. Number of houses. No. of Inspections 1908. No. of Notices, 1908. No. of Prosecutions, 1903. On register at end of 1907. Added in 1908. Removed in 1908. On register at end of 1908. -
Page 70
The annual reports of medical officers of health show that considerable use of this provision has been already made in some districts Thus, information as to number of premises supplied with water as the result of the action of the sanitary authority under this provision and the number of cases in which it was found necessary to institute legal proceedings isgiven in respect of the following boroughs:-
No. of premises supplied. No. of legal proceedings. -
Page 71
The number of applications received and certificates granted during 1908 is shown in the following table:—
Sanitary area. No. of houses for which applications for certificates were received during 1908. No. of tenements comprised therein. No. of tenements for which certificates were Granted. Refused. Deferred or withdrawn. -
Page 72
The number of underground rooms dealt with in 1908 in the several sanitary areas is shown in the following table:—
Sanitary area. No. of rooms illegally occupied. No. of rooms closed. Sanitary area. No. of rooms illegally occupied. No. of roomsclosed. -
Page 73
The annual reports show that the number of instances in which overcrowding was found was greater in 1908 than in 1907. The following table is compiled from information supplied by the medical officers of health in their annual reports.
Sanitary area. No. of dwelling-rooms overcrowded. No. remedied. No. of prosecutions. -
Page 74
TABLE SHOWING PROCEEDINGS OF LONDON SANITARY
Premises, Particulars, Class, &c. Paddinglon. Kensington. Hammersmith. Fulham. Chelsea. City of Westminster. St; Marylebone. Hampstead. St. Pancras. Islington. Stoke Newington. -
Page 75
AUTHORITIES UNDER THE FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT, 1901.
Hackney. Holborn. Finsbury. City of London. Shoreditch. Bethnal Green. Stepney. Poplar. South wark. Bcrmondsey. , Lambeth. Battersea. • Wandsworth. Camberwell. Deptford; Greenwich. Lewigham. Woo with. -
Page 76
Comparison between some of the statistics for the years 1904-8 may conveniently be made thus
1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. -
Page 77
Ice cream premises.
Sanitary area. Number of places. No. of inspections 1908. No. of notices, 1908. No. of prosecutions, 1908. On registor at end of 1907. Added in 1908. Removed in 1908. On register at end of 1908. -
Page 78
The following table has been compiled from statements made in the annual reports, but in the absence of uniformity of statement, the figures relating to the various districts cannot be regarded as comparable and it is probable that the figures given, for some of the districts, inadequately represent the total number of premises used for the preparation and sale of food.
Sanitary area. Premises used for the preparation and tale of food. Inspections. Sanitary area. Premises used for the preparation and sale of food. Inspections. -
Page 79
Shelters. The following figures, which are taken from the annual reports, show the extent to which the shelters in several districts were used.
No. of persons accommodated. No. of persons accommodated. -
Page 80
The number of bodies received into the mortuaries of the several sanitary authorities during the year is shown in the following table:—
Sanitary Area. Total number of bodies received into mortuary. Number of infectious bodies received into mortuary. Sanitary Area. Total number of bodies received into mortuary. Number of infectious bodies received into mortuary. -
Page 80
Number of persons cleansed in 1908.
Adults. Children. Persons. -
Page 83
The following table shows the estimated population on the 6th April, 1908, and the amount of excess of contribution over grant, or of grant over contribution, in respect of each district for the year ended 31st March, 1909-
Sanitary area. Estimated population, 6th April, 1908. Equalisation charge, being excess of contribution over grant for year ended 31st March, 1909. Net grant, being excels of grant over contribution for year ended 31st March, 1909. -
Page 84
The London midwives are classified as follows:-
Not practising. Notifying intention to practise during 1008. Total. -
Page 85
In four instances prima facie cases of malpractice, negligence or misconduct were found against certified midwives and particulars were reported to the Central Midwives Board.
Nature of offence. Action taken by Central Midwives Board. -
Page 85
From the information obtained from these sources the following table giving some idea of the extent of practice of midwives has been compiled:—
-
Page 87
The reasons assigned by the midwives for advising medical assistance were as follows:—
Pregnancy— Lying-in— -
Page 87
The numbers in the previous years were 1905, 405 ; 1906, 574 ; 1907, 740.
-
Page 88
The following table shows the information under the headings (b) and (c) above.
Condition of child. Total cases. Period of gestation. Fall term. 8 months. 7 months. 6 months. Under 6 months. Not stated. -
Page 88
The presentations were as follows:—
-
Page 88
The following table shows the presentations of still-born infants of full term or 8 months' gestation concerning which information as to maceration is given
Presentation, etc. Full term. 8 months' gestation. Macerated. Not macerated. Macerated. Not macerated. -
Page 88
The following additional information concerning still-born infants was supplied in 51 cases.
-
Page 89
In 3 cases the jury considered that there was lack of skill on the part of the midwife and in 7 instances expressed the opinion that medical assistance should have been sent for earlier.
Attended by- Total. Deaths of mothers. Death of children. No blame attached. Want of skill. Delay in calling medical help. No blame attached. Want of skill. Delay in calling medical help. -
Page 89
The cause of death was given as follows:—
Mothers. Children. -
Page 90
Continued from previous page...
Delivery conducted by. Cases. Deaths. -
Page 90
Causes of death in the 137 fatal cases:—
Cause of death. Notified cases. Unnotified. Cases delivered by midwives. -
Page 90
Concerning the 51 cases of puerperal fever occurring in the practice of midwives In addition to obtaining information from the midwife, the Council's inspector visits the medical practitioner who was afterwards called in to attend, during lying-in, a patient delivered by a midwife, and learns from him his opinion as to the nature of the case. The fo l lowing table is based upon the information thus obtained.
Diagnosis. Recovery cases. Fatal cases. -
Page 91
The following table shows the day of the puerperium on which (a) the rise of temperature was first noted by the midwife (b) a medical practitioner was called in,(c) the case was notified as puerperal fever, both as regards fatal and non-fatal cases, and (e) the death took place in fatal cases.
Day of Confinement. 2nd day. 3rd day. 4th day. 5th day. 6th day. 7th day. 8th day. 9th day. 10th day. After 10th day. Total. -
Page 91
Of the 9 cases where the patient died after the 10th day of the puerperium, two died on the 12th day, one each on the 14th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 22nd, 28th and 35th days. The age incidence of the cases of puerperal fever was as follows:—
Total. Age. 15-20. 20-25. 25-30. 30-35. 35-40. 40-45. 45 and up. -
Page 91
The parity of women suffering from puerperal fever was ascertained as far as possible in the 51 cases attended by certified midwives and is shown in the following table.
No. of cases. Recovered. Died. -
Page 91
The following conditions were noted among the cases of puerperal fever delivered by certified midwives:—
-
Page 94
The following table shows (a) total births registered, (b) total births notified under the Act, (c) births notified by midwives under the Act.
Sanitary district. Number of complete quarters of 1908 during which the Act was in operation. 1908. Births of living children during the complete quarters in which the Act was in operation. StiU-born. (a) Registered by Registrars. (b) Notified under Notification of Births Act. (c) Notified under the Act by midwives. Notified under the Act. Notified by midwives under the Act. -
Page 97
Medical Officers of Health of London Sanitary Areas, in 1908.
Sanitary area. Medical officer of health. -
Page -
Tabular statement giving certain particulars with regard to 28 cases referred to in the preceding report:—
Date of notification. Date of onset. Sex. Age. • Milk supply. Whether mussels consumed at or about time when disease was presumably contracted. If so, whence derived. Whether fried fish was consumed at or about time when disease was presumably contracted. If so, whence derived. -
Page -
Number of Persons found Homeless at N ight.
Date. Men. Women. Children. Total. -
Page -
Licensed Common Lodging Houses.
Date. Authorised accommodation. Number of persons occupying beds. Men. Women. Couples. Total. Men. Women. Couples. Total. -
Page -
For the casual wards the corresponding figures are as follows:— Casual Wards.
Date. Accommodation. How used. Men. Women. Women and children. Total. Men. Women. Children. Total. -
Page -
The next table shows the common lodging house and casual ward accommodation, the extent of its use, and the number of homeless persons in each year.
Date. Accommodation (persons). Persons. C.L.H. Cas. wards. Total. C.L.H. (Inmates.) Cas. wards. (Inmates.) Homeless. Total.* -
Page -
Table I. Number of Homeless Persons distributed according to Locality.
Locality. Men. Women. Children. -
Page -
TABLE II. Common Lodging Houses.
Sanitary district. No. of houses Accommodation. Census on 15th—16th Jan., 1909. No. of vacant beds on 15th—16th Jan., 1909. No. of persons turned away unable to pay, &c. Males. Females. Couples. Males. Females. Couples. Males. • Females. Couples. Males. Females. Couples. -
Page -
TABLE III. Number of permanently Free Beds in premises licensed as Common Lodging Houses on the night of the 15th January, 1909. In other licensed Common Lodging Houses, some COO or 700 beds occupied on that night were paid for by charitable institutions, chiefly by the Church Army.
Premises. Free beds. For labour. Men. Women. Children. Men. -
Page -
TABLE IV. Number of Persons in Shelters, etc., not licensed as Common Lodging Houses.
Sanitary district. Free beds. For labour. Men. Women. Children. Men. -
Page -
TABLE V. Common Lodging Houses. Number of Persons turned away and Cause—January, 1909, and February, 1905, compared.
Reason. January, 1909. February, 1905. Increase + or Decrease — in 1909. Persons. Men. Women. Couples. Total persons. Men. Women. Couples. Total persons. -
Page -
Conditions Found.
Schools.. Departments. Number on Roll. Numbers examined. Returned by Teachers. - Vision.* Hearing. Speech. P.D. M.D. -
Page -
Treatment Suggested.
Schools. Requiring treatment urgently. Requiring transfer to special school. Vision.* Hearing. Speech. P.D. M.D. Vision.* Hearing. Speech. P.D. M.D. -
Page -
Children were also selected individually from their classes, and reported on as follows :—
Schools. External diseases of the eye. Throat or nose affections. Ear disease. Excessive " dirt." Other defects -
Page -
1st April to 31st December, 1908:— Conditions Found.
Schools. Departments. Number on Roll. Numbers examined. Returned by Teachers. Vision.* Hearing. Speech. P.D. M.D. -
Page -
Treatment Suggested.
Schools. Requiring treatment urgently. Requiring transfer to special school. Vision.* Hearing. Speech. P.D. M.D. Vision.* Hearing. Speech. P.D. M.D. -
Page -
* Apart from vision testing, for which see p. 54. Children were also selected individually from their classes, and reported on as follows :—
Schools. External diseases of the eye. Throat or nose affections. Ear disease. Excessive " dirt." Other defects. -
Page -
1st April, 1907, to 31st March, 1908 :—
Schools. Lighting. Ventilation. Heating. Sanitation. Furniture. -
Page -
1st April to 31st December, 1908 :—
Schools. Lighting. Ventilation. 1 Heating. Sanitation. Furniture. -
Page -
The results of medical examination are shown in the following table:—
Age. Number examined. Number of examinations. Fit. Vaccination. Referred back. Rejected. Not vaccinated. No marks. Cleanliness; Throat. Teeth. Vision. Sundry. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
Infectious Diseases. —An account of previous illnesses is asked for in the history form filled in by each candidate. If omitted, it has not been insisted on, but a sufficient number have given details, which are as follows:—
Total. Number of Responses Measles. Whooping Cough. Diphtheria. Scarlet Fever. Chicken- pox. Mumps. "Childish Ailments." -
Page -
The results of the examination are :—
Age. Number examined. Number of examinations. Fit. Vaccination. Referred back. Rejected. Unvac-cinated. No marks. Cleanliness. Throat. Teeth. Vision. Sundry. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
The following table has been compiled from our records "Condition of Vaccination":—
Year of Birth. Number Examined. Unvaccinated. Percentage Unvaccinated. -
Page -
Special Scholars.—T he heterogeneous mass grouped under this head have not always the same standard of examination:—
Age. Number examined. Number of examinations. Fit. _ Vaccination. Referred back. Rejected. Unvaccinated. No marks. Cleanliness. Throat. Teeth. Vision. Sundry. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
Junior Scholars.— Candidates for junior county scholarships were noted as follows:—
Age. Number examined. Number of examinations. Fit. Vaccination. Referred back. Rejected. Unvaccinated. No. marks. Want of cleanliness. Throat. Teeth. Vision. Sundry (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
Probationer Scholars.—P robationer scholarships are awarded to enable candidates to ultimately become elementary school teachers. They were noted as follows :—
Age. Number examined. Number of examinations. Fit. Vaccination. Referred back. Re jected. Unvaccinated. No marks. Want of cleanliness. Throat. Teeth. Vision. Heart Sundry (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
Special Scholars. —Special scholarships include domestic economy, gardening, trade, technical, blind, deaf, cripple, and boy artificers for the Royal Navy. They were noted as follows—
Age. Number examined. Number of examinations. Fit. Vaccination. Referred back. Rejected. Unvaccinated. No marks. Want of cleanliness. Throat. Teeth. Vision. Heart. Sundry. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
1st April, 1907, to 31st March, 1908:—
Special Schools. Ordinary Schools. Domiciliary and Special enquiries. -
Page -
1st April to 31st December, 1908:—
Special Schools. Ordinary Schools. Domiciliary and Special enquiries. -
Page -
During the half-year ending 31st March, 1908, the colleges, centres, and secondary schools have been visited, and a large number of the students carefully examined, a card register being established. With regard to the physical defects noted below:—
Institutions. Numbers. DEFECTS. Number of Visits. Number on Roll. Number examined. Throats. Backs. Heart. Glands. Anæmia. Malnutrition Teeth-defective. Lack of Cleanliness. Ears. Speech. Vision. Round. Curvature. Lungs. -
Page -
The following table shows the above figure in full:
Infants. Age 3. Age 4. Age 5. Totals. Sex M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. -
Page -
The next table shows an analysis of the various defects arranged so as to show the sex and age :
Infants. Age 3. Age 4. Age 5. Totals. Sex M. F. M. F. M. F. -
Page -
She has unfortunately not made a return of their ages.
Conditions noted. 750 Boys. 750 Girls. Numbers. Percentages. Numbers. Percentages. -
Page -
The sum of these three representative schools is—
Number on rolls. Number selected for detailed examination. Of these number normal. With adenoids and large tonsils. Large tonsils only. Mouthbreathers. Partial Mouthbreathers. Nasal. Adenoid. Tonsils, Nasal. Adenoid. -
Page -
The results may be represented thus :
Nature of district of schools. Numbers recorded. Nutrition. Colour. Excellent. Very Good. Good. Fair. Bad. Normal. Pale. Very pale. -
Page -
The actual figures are:—
Age last birthday. Description. Boys. Girls. Nos. Heights. (cm.) Weights. (kg.) Nos. Heights. (cm.) Weights. (kg.) -
Page -
Physical measurements at Laxon-street and Sirdar-road in relation to the estimation of nutrition are given combined as there was no material variation between the two weights of boys at these schools. Weights of the boys in different groups were averaged as follows:
Age last birthday. Nutrition. Standard average of 10,000 London boys, Annual Report, 1906. Excellent. Very good. Good. Fair. Bad. -
Page -
Anæmia which is so prevalent in towns, and which the open-air does so much to remedy, was present in a considerable number at all ages.
Age last birthday 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Totals. Colour of blood. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
Page -
Nutrition. —This is the estimate of nutrition made on the child's general appearance. Its value has already been discussed. It is to be noted that the excess of bad nutrition appeared among the girls.
Age last birthday 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 State of Nutrition. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. Totals. -
Page -
The relation between nutrition and anaemia can be seen in this general table of the children at Laxon-street.
Nutrition. Anæmia. Normal. Pale. Very Pale. -
Page -
Some of his results are of such interest that they have been extracted in tabular form showing percentages of those seen.
Nutritional condition. Actual numbers noted. Spinal curvature. Enlarged glands. Adenoids. Ghest troubles. Abnormal heart sounds. Not tubercular. Judged to be tubercular. -
Page -
Normal children numbered 254 boys and 215 girls.
Nasal defects (estimated). Nil. Slight. Some. Considerable. Bad. Totals. -
Page -
If these classes are divided into groups according to the marks obtained for articulatory capacity, the total possible being 1,000, the following table is obtained :—
Degree of nasal obstruction. Boys. Girls. Less than 970 marks. 970-995 marks. 996-1,000 marks. Total in class. Less than 970 970-995 marks. 996-1,000 marks. Total in class. -
Page -
Abnormal Speech. —These 231 children numbered 132 boys and 99 girls, the actual numbers in each class being:—
Degree of nasal obstruction. Nil. Slight. Some. Considerable. Bad. Totals. -
Page -
Analysing the results as before the same conclusion is reached :—
Degree of nasal obsrtuction. Boys. Girls. Less than 970 marks. 970-995 marks. 996-1,000 marks. Total in class. Less than 970 marks. 970-995 marks. 996-1,000 marks. Total in class. -
Page -
Heads .—In regard to unclean heads the cleansing scheme has been carried out in 124 schools, with the following results
Departments. No. of children examined. Clean. Verminous. White cards First notice. Red cards Final warning. Proposed by nurse for exclusion. Excluded for prosecution. -
Page -
The parents of 255 children were prosecuted and fines varying from 1s. 6d. to 20s. imposed. From 1st April to 31st December, 1908, the scheme was carried out at 32 schools with the following results:—
Departments. No. of children examined Clean. Verminous White Cards First, notice. Red Cards Final warning. Proposed by nurse for exclusion. Excluded for prosecution. -
Page -
The number of doubtful cases submitted by the nurses for microscopical examination was :—
Year. Number of specimens examined. Found to be forms of ringworm. Found to be favus. No fungus found. Insufficient material for accurate judgment. Still under observation. -
Page -
The ages of the children admitted were :—
-
Page -
And the duration of the disease in these children, so far as could be ascertained, was :—
-
Page -
The ages of these 76 children are :—
-
Page -
And the duration of the disease has been such that many have had it the greater part of their lives.
-
Page -
The following table shows the numbers of cases of scarlet fever, diphtheria and measles that have been notified during the past three years :—
Disease. Total number notified. Weekly mean. Year. All ages. Children attending public elementary schools. All ages. Children attending public elementary schools. -
Page -
The table given below shows the average number per week of elementary school children suffering from scarlet fever and diphtheria in relation to the average number of all persons suffering from these diseases during the past three years. The ratio is expressed as a percentage.
Disease. 1905-6. 1906-7. 1907-8. Average per week. Average per week. Average per week. All Persons. School Children. Percentage. All Persons. School Children. Percentage. All Persons. School Children. Percentage. -
Page -
Diphtheria is controlled by means of bacteriological investigation, and the exclusion and notification of children found to be harbouring bacilli. School closure, except under exceptional circumstances, may mean loss of control of dangerous cases.
Department. DISEASES. Diphtheria. Scarlet Fever. Measles. Measles and Scarlet Fever. Diphtheria, Measles, Whooping Cough, Chicken Pox. Scarlet Fever, Measles, Whooping Cough, Chicken Pox. Measles, Whooping Cough, Chicken Pox. Number under Observation. Clasrsooms Closed. Departments Closed. Number under Observation. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. Number under Observation. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. _ Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. -
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In the case of measles, the disease for which class closure is most frequently required, the numbers of classrooms and departments closed in infants schools were distributed through the year as follows :—
Y ear 1907. 1908. Month April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. -
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Charts. —The diagrams illustrating the rise and fall of scarlet fever (I, K) and diphtheria (J, L for the nine months ended 31st December, 1908, show a marked decrease in the incidence of these two diseases ; we are able to report in each disease a marked diminution in the weekly mean ; com pared with the corresponding nine months of the previous year, the decrease in the case of scarlel fever is still more pronounced.
Period. Weekly mean. Scarlet fever. Diphtheria. All persons. Public elementary school children. All persons. Public elementary school children. -
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School Closures.-uhe following table shows the number of closures during the nine months and also the number of departments under observation for the various diseases :-
Departments. DISEASE. Diphtheria. Scarlet Fever. Measles. Measles and Whooping Cough. Number under Observation. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. Number under Observation. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. Number under Observation. Classrooms Closed Departments Closed. Classrooms Closed. Departments Closed. -
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Recently a new policy of excluding only " unprotected " children, i.e., children who have not had measles, has been systematically adopted, and the following table represents the numbers of classrooms and departments affected thereby. It will be seen from this table that in some cases all children under five years of age were excluded from certain departments and classrooms, but in five of these cases the exclusion was ordered by the Lewisham Borough Council:-
" Unprotected " children excluded. Children under five years of age. Classrooms. Departments. Classrooms. Departments. -
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In the case of measles, the disease for which most frequent class closure is required, the number* of classrooms and departments closed in infants schools were distributed through the nine months as follows :-
1908. Month April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. -
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The exclusions of unprotected" children were distributed throughout the nine months as follows :—
1908. Month April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. -
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ATLEY-ROAD SCHOOL—INFANTS' DEPARTMENT.
Classroom. Age. Date of Analysis, 2.6.08. Date of Analysis. (Completion of Outbreak.) Cases. Last Attendance. Total. Cases. Last Attendance. Total. -
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LEIPSIC-ROAD SCHOOL—INFANTS' DEPARTMENT.
Classroom. Age. Date of Analysis, 20.5.08. Date of Analysis, (Completion of Outbreak.) Cases. Last Attendance. Total. Cases. Last Attendance. Total. -
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ST. GEORGE'S-ROW SCHOOL—INFANTS' DEPARTMENT.
Classroom. Age. Date of Analysis, 16.5.08. Date of Analysis, 28.5.08. Date of Analysis, 11.6.08. Date of Analysis. (Completion of Outbreak.) Cases. Last attend -ance. Total. 1 Cases. Last attendance. Total. Cases. Last attendance. Total. Cases. Last attendance. Total. -
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Department. Date of analysis. CLASSROOM. Notes. B CI C2 D Age. Cases. Date of last attendance. Age. Cases. Date of last attendance. Age. Cases. Date of last attendance. Age. Cases. Date of last attendance. -
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Note .—This table shows that five cases (affecting only two families) have occurred in one department in a week without any suggestion of a school outbreak. No further cases occurred.
E C B G A -
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CLASSROOM INFECTION. Method of analysing cases of Scarlet Fever and Sore Throat with a view to discovering the source of infection.
Case. Age. Diagnosis. Dates. Symptoms in school. Dates. Remarks. Last attendance. First absence. Onset. Notification. Return to school. -
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other rooms (B and E) where closure was not applied, though parallel conditionis prevailed. This may be seen in the following table :—
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This may be seen in the following table :—
Department. Date of Analysis. CLASSROOM. B C E Age. Cast's. Date of last attendance. Remarks. Age. Cases. 1 Date of last attendance. Remarks. Age. Cases. Date of last attendance. Remarks. -
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From 1893 to 1901 the amount of diphtheria was above the mean ; from 1902 to 1905 there was a time of much decreased prevalence. The years 1905-6 and 1906-7 showed an increasing prevalence, although the weekly notifications are still below the mean of the years from 1892 onwards. During the past year the increase has been maintained. The figures for the past three years and nine months are as follows :-
Total number notified. Weekly mean. All ages. School children. All ages. School children. -
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Results of Vision Test—1st April, 1907, to 31st March, 1908:—
Standard. Dept. Provided Schools. Non-Provided Schools. Number on Registers Returned as bad Vision by the Advice Cards given. Number Returned as Bad Vision by the Advice Cards given. Teachers Oculists. Ordinary Green. Urgent Red. on Registers Teachers Oculists Ordinary Green. Urgent Red. -
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Continued from prevoius page...
Provided Schools. Non-Provided Schools. Totals. Percentages. -
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1st April to 31st December, 1908 :—
Standard. Dept. Provided Schools. Non-Provided Schools. Number on registers Returned as bad Vision by the Advice cards given. Number on registers Returned as bad Vision by the Advice cards given. Teachers Oculists. Ordinary green. Urgent red. Teachers Oculists. Ordinary green. Urgent red. -
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1st April to 31st December, 1908 :—
Provided . Schools. Non-Provided Schools. Total. Percentage. -
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Cases due to injury or corneal ulceration were omitted. The results were:
Hyper-metropia. Hypermetropic Astigmatism Mixed Astigmatism. Myopia. Myopic Astigmatism. Odd eyes. Total. -
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The approximation of the sex incidence in the two groups at school and at hospital is very close:—
Sex. Hypermetropia. Hypermetropic Astigmatism. Mixed Astigmatism. Myopia. Myopic Astigmatism. Odd eyes. Total. -
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If anything the Middlesex patients are better fed for they include many Jews who feed their children well:—
Hypermetropia. Hypermetropic Astigmatism. Mixed Astigmatism. Myopia. Myopic Astigmatism. Odd eyes. Total. -
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Nearly five thousand children were examined. The records may be analysed as follows :—
Boys. Girls. Total. -
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1908—BOYS.
Age. Better in an intermediate school. Likely to materially improve. Able to earn own living. Able to contribute to own support. Able to do anything after leaving. Total. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. -
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1908—GIRLS.
Age. Better in an intermediate school. Likely to materially improve. Able to earn own living. Able to contribute to own support. Able to do anything after leaving Total. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. > No. 1 -
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Taking the total numbers at all ages there are :—
1908. Better in an intermediate school. Likely to materially improve. _ Able to earn own living. Able to contribute to own support. Able to do anything after leaving. Totals. Yes. No. Yes. No. Yes. No. -
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In this last investigation, however, the returns of children over 12 according to their ability to work is given as :—
Children aged 12 or more in special schools, 1908. Able to earn own living. Able to contribute towards support. Able to do anything after leaving school. Yes. No. -
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The number of non-pauper children in London in 1908 who might have been expected to come on such a register would be :—
Mentally defective under the Act of 1899. Epileptic. - Mentally defective and also blind, or deaf, or physically defective. Imbecile. Totals. (a) Probably not certifiable under the recommendation of the Royal Commission. (b) Certifiable under the recommendation of the Royal Commission. Day Res. Day Res. -
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Under the provisions of the Blind and Deaf Children Act, 1893, and the Defective and Epileptic Children Act, 1899, there have been 6.602 children examined with the following results :—
Month. 1907-8. Number of examina- tions. Numbers Ex-amined.' Passed for Mentally defective. Physically defective. Mentally and physically defective. Blind. Deaf. Residential school. Industrial school. Elementary school. Imbecile. Invalids and Epileptics. -
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From 1st April to December 31st 1908, 4,982 children have been examined with the following results:—
Month. N umber of examinations. Numbers Examined. 1 Passed for Mentally defective. Physically defective. Mentally and physically de-fective- Mentally defective and deaf. Mentally defective and blind. Blind and deaf. Blind. Deaf. Industrial school. Elementary school. Imbecile. Invalids and Epileptics. -
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About 1,700 cards nave been analysed, and the cases, which are about 4 per cent, of all submitted for medical examination with a view to special educational treatment, have been disposed of as follows :—
Boys. Girls. Total. -
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Of the 28 cases adjudged imbecile, the subsequent disposal, from enquiries made six months later was:—
Boys. Girls. Total. -
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The number of imbeciles known at any time as unsuitable for school is about 500 to 600. A careful enumeration gave on March 31st, 1907 : -
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An analysis of the causes of the ophthalmic troubles which gave rise to difficulties, and had to be thoroughly examined at the office, may also be of interest. They were as follows :—
Admitted to elementary school. Invalided. Blind and mental defect. Blind. Totals. -
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Admitted to elementary school. Invalided. Blind and mental defect. Blind. Totals. -
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Table of 2,141 children in schools for the Physically Defective. —The table is given in eight main groups, and these again, where necessary, are shown in subdivisions. Where a child suffers from two diseases or defects the second entry is enclosed in a bracket.
Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. -
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Boys. Girls.- Total. Boys. Girls. -
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Physical Measurements. — The heights of the children at admission are shown at various ages (last birthday) for boys and girls in the four schools, and totalled, and also compared with the average derived from London schools.
Last birthday. Shrewsbury House. Bostall Woods. Birley House. Montpelier. House. All open-air schools London elemen-tary schools. Age. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. -
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It may be of interest to reproduce the figures here, as they were obtained graphically from the charts already published.
BOYS. GIRLS. Year of age. Weight to middle of year observed. Rate of increase annually. Percentage of body weight at middle of year. Weight to middle of year. Annual rate of increase of weight. Percentage increase of body weight weekly. -
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Table showing rates of growth in weight in kilograms reckoned on weight at middle of year of age for 20,000 children in Council schools. London, 1906.
Sex Age last birthday. Average weight at entrance. Percentage average weekly increase on the body weight. Shrewsbury House. Bostall Woods. Birley House. Montpelier House. All open-air schools—total. London Council schools. Shrewsbury House. Bostall Wcods. Birley House. Montpelier House. All open-air schools—total. London Council schools. -
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The girls retained the weight gained well; the boys fell back considerably but were still above the average, although they started below it.
Age last birthday. Birley House. Shrewsbury House. London Average. Weight on admission. Gain in weight on leaving. Gain in weight 6 months after admission. Weight on admission. Gain in weight on leaving. Gain in weight 6 months after admission. Weight at middle of year. Gain in weight 6 months later. -
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At Montpelier House the final weighings of the children were made at the end of February, 1909, and are therefore not tabulated with the others. The standard children are shown compared, and in this school there appears to be a considerable gain retained.
Age last birthday. Montpelier House. Standard London council school children. Weight on admission. Gain in weight on leaving 21 weeks later. Gain in weight 9 months after admission. Weight in middle of year of age. Gain in weight 9 months later. -
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The least average gain (8) was found amongst the boys at Montpelier House, who were best at the outset, and the girls at Shrewsbury House; the highest average gain (23) was amongst girls at Birley House, who were worst at the outset.
School. Number. Haemoglobin average. Average increase per cent. Number showing decrease. Number stationary. Numbers showing improvement. Admission, J une. When school closed, October. Below 10. 10 to 20. 20 and upwards.