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London County Council 1904

[Report of the Medical Officer of Health for London County Council]

Published
1905
Pages
251
Tables
172

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172 tables in this report

  • Page -
    The population of the City of London and each of the metropolitan boroughs, as constituted by the London Government Act of 1899, estimated to the middle of 1904, is shown in the following table—
    Sanitary area.Estimated population, 1904.Sanitary area.Estimated population, 1904.Sanitary area.Estimated population, 1904.
  • Page -
    The marriage rate in successive periods has been as follows—
  • Page 6
    Marriages of minors per cent, of total marriages.
    Period.London.England and Wales.
    Males.Females.Males.Females.
  • Page 6
    The birth-rate in successive periods has been as follows:—
  • Page 6
    The corresponding figures for England and Wales are as follows:—
  • Page 6
    The following table shows the birth-rate in the several sanitary areas per 1,000 persons living and per 100 married females aged 15-45 in the period 1901-3 and in the year 1904:—
    Sanitary area.Births, 1904.Birth-rate per 1,000 persons living.Births per 100 married females aged 15-45.
    1901-3.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 7
    Continued from previous page...
    Sanitary area.Births, 1904.Birth.rate per 1,000 persons living.Births per 100 married femalos aged 15.45.
    1901-3.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 7
    All causes—Death-rates per 1,000 living.
  • Page 7
    The columns showing "death-rates corrected for age and sex distribution have been obtained by multiplying the crude death-rates by the "factors for correction" published by the Registrar-General in the Annual Summary for 1904.
    Towns.Estimated Population middle of 1904.Crude death-rate per 1,000 living.Death-rate per 1,000 living (corrected for age and sex distribution).
    1894-1903.1904.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 8
    The following table enables comparison to be made of the death-rates of London with the death-rates of several foreign cities1:—
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 8
    Crude and corrected death-rates* per 1,000 persons living, in the County of London, and the several sanitary districts.
    Area.Standard death-rate.Factor for correction for ago and sex distribution.Crude deate-rato.Corrected death-rate.Comparative mortality figure (London, 1,000),
    1901-3.1904.1901-3.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 9
    The following table shows the number of deaths1 occurring at several ages in each of the sanitary areas of the Administrate County of London during the year 1904 (36l> days) —
    Age period.0-1-2-3-4-Under 5.5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 and up.All ages.
  • Page 9
    The following table shows the mean death-rates obtaining in London at the several age-periods and for each sex in the decennium 1891-1900 and in the year 1904. The figures for the year 1904 are fully corrected for institution deaths (see footnote -, page -), and the rates for the decennium 1891-1900 are based upon figures which have been corrected for institution deaths on the basis of the experience of the four years 1897-1900; a fuller discussion of this point will be found in the London Life Table appended to my report for the year 1901.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Mean death-rate 1891-1900.Death-rate 1904.Difference per cent.Mean death-rate 1891-1900.Death-rate 1904.Difference per cent.
  • Page 10
    Table I. Mean future lifetime of males and females in groups of ages, calculated from the London life table, 1891-1900.
    Age-groups.Males.Females.Age-groups.Males.Females.
    Years.Years.Years.Years.
  • Page 10
    Table II.
    Age-groups.Deaths calculated according to mean death-rates of 1891-1900.Peaths occuring in the year 1904.Oain(-)-)or loss (-) of lives in the year 1904, by fluctuation of mortality.Gain (+) or loss (-) of 'lifecapital" in the year 1904 by fluctuations of mortality.
  • Page 11
    Ihe proportion in succssive periods has been as loliows:—
    Period.Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.Period.Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
  • Page 11
    The following table enables comparison to be made of the infant mortality in London and other large English towns. Deaths under one year of age per 1,000 births.
    Towns.1894-19031904Towns.1894-19031904.
  • Page 11
    The following table shows the deaths under one year ot age and the number or these deaths per 1,000 births in each of the sanitary areas of the County of London for the period 1901-3, and for the year 1901—
    Sanitary aroa.Deaths under one year of age, 1904.Deaths under ono year of age per 1,000 births.
    1901-3.1904.
  • Page 12
    London, 1902. Infant Mortality. Life table for the, first 12 months of life (based on the mortality during the year 1902.)
    Age-period. XRegistered deaths.Probability of living for ouo month. Px/1Number living at the beginning of each month of age. lx_
  • Page 12
    Deaths1 under one year of age registered in London during the 52 weeks of 1904.
  • Page 14
    The following table from the Annual Summary of the Registrar-General shows the diminution or excess in the year 1904 under certain of the more important heading, in the list of causes of death, as compared with the corrected annual average of the preceding 10 years—
    Cause of death.Diminution in 1904.Excess in 1904.
  • Page 14
    Death-rates "per 100,000 living from all causes, and from various causes, in each of the various sanitary areas , 1904 (366 days).
    Sanitary area.MeaslesRheumatic fever.Cancer.Tabes mesentericTubercular meningitis.Phthisis.Other tuber-CBlar and scrofulous diseases.Pneumonia.Other respiratory diseaseAll other causes.All cause
  • Page 15
    The death rates in successive periods have been as follows:—
    Period.Death rate from principal epidemic diseases.Period.Death rate from principal epidemic diseases.
  • Page 15
    It will be seen from the following table that London in the decennium 1894-1903 had a lower death rate from these diseases than any of the undermentioned English towns, except Bristol, Bradford Nottingham and Newcastle, and in 1904 had a lower death-rate than any except Bristol, Newcastle and Leicester:— Principal epidemic diseases—Death-rates per 1 ,000 living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 15
    Sic principal epidemic diseases—Death rales per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 15
    The following table shows the deaths from the principal epidemic diseases and the death-rates per 1,000 living in each of the sanitary areas of the County in 1904, and the period 1901-3 :—
    Sanitary area.Deaths in 1904.Deatli-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1901-3.1904.
  • Page 16
    Continued from previous page...
    Sanitary area.Deaths in 1909.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1901-3,1904.
  • Page 16
    The death rates from smallpox in successive periods have been as follows:—
    Period.Smallpox death-rate per 1,000 living.Period.Smallpox death-rati per 1,000 living.
  • Page 16
    During the complete years in which the notification of infectious diseases has been obligatory, the number of cases of smallpox (uncorrected for errors in diagnosis)'notified to the medical officers of health in the various sanitary districts comprised in the administrative county has been as follows—
    Year.Cases notified.Uase.rate per 1,000 living.-
  • Page 17
    Smallpox death-rates per 1,000 living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 17
    The following table shows that the London smallpox death-rate was in the decennium 1894-1903 higher than that of any of the undermentioned foreign towns except Paris and St. Petersburg, and in the year 1904 was exceeded by the death-rates of Paris, Brussels and St. Petersburg. Smallpox death-rates per 1,000 living
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 17
    The following table shows the smallpox cases, deaths, case- rates, and death-rates in the year 1904, the case-rates in the decennium 1894-1903, and the death-rates in the period 1901-3 in the several sanitary areas of the Administrative County-
    Sanitary area.Cases, 1904.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1904.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1894-1903.1904.1901-1903.1904.
  • Page 18
    The following table shows the number of cases of smallpox notified in London in each week of the year 1904- Smallpox-Notified cases, 1904.
    Week ended.No. of cases notified.Week ended.No. of cases notified.Week ended.No. of cases notified.
  • Page 20
    The report of the Statistical Committee of the Metropolitan Asylums Board contains a tabular statement of the condition as to vaccination of persons suffering from smallpox received into their hospitals during 1904 from which the following table has been prepared :—
    Admissions.Deaths.
  • Page 20
    The number of cases admitted in 1904 into hospital at several ages, classified according to their condition as to vaccination is as follows :-
    Ages.Vaccinated.. Unvaccinated.Doubtful.
    Cases.Deaths.Cast's.Deaths.Cages.Deaths.
  • Page 21
    Cases of smallpox at several ages admitted into the hospitals of the Metropolitans Asylums Board per cent, of total cases admitted.
    Ages.1893-4-5.1901-2.1903.1904.
  • Page 21
    Cases of smallpox at several ages admitted into the hospitals of the Metropolitans Asylums Boardper cent, of total cases admitted.
    Ages.Vaccinated.Unvaccinated.Doubtful.
    1893-4-51901-2.1903.1904.1893-4.51901-2.1903.1904.1893-4.51901-219031904
  • Page 21
    London vaccination returns. In previous reports I have referred to the large proportion of children born in London appearing in recent years in the vaccination returns as " not finally accounted for." The proportion in successive years has been as follows. The figures for the years subsequent to 1902 are not yet available, but it will be noted that since 1898 the proportion has declined—
    Year.Children not finally accounted for (including cases postponed) per cent, of total births.Year.Children not finally accounted for (including cases postponed) per cent, of total births.
  • Page 22
    During these years, the proportion of children exempted by certificate of conscientious objection, together with the proportion of children not finally accounted for in the several unions has been as follows Number of certificates of conscientious objection and number of children not finally accounted for per cent of births.
    Metropolitan Union.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.
  • Page 22
    M easles. The deaths from measles in the Administrative County of London during 1904 (52 weeks) numbered 2,256, as compared with 2,040 in 1903. The death-rates from this disease per 1,000 persons living in 1904 and preceding periods have been as follows :—
  • Page 23
    Continued from previous page...
    Sanitary area.Deaths 1904.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1901-3.1904.
  • Page 23
    Measles—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1804.
  • Page 23
    Measles—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904
  • Page 24
    Measles (366 days).
    Age-period.0-1-2_ "3-4-Under 5.5-10-15 and upwards.All ages.
  • Page 25
    By direction of the Public Health Committee, inquiry was made in the early part of 1905 as to the steps taken by London sanitary authorities in connection with the disinfection of premises, and of bedding, clothing, etc., after occurrence of measles, and also as to the steps taken to impress people with the need of taking precautions as to measles. The replies of medical officers of health are embodied in the following tabular statement:-
    Sanitary areas.Is disinfection of infected premises carried out after all cages of measles which come to the knowledge of your authority ?Is disinfection of infected bedding, clothing, etc., carried out after all cases of measles which come to the knowledge of your authority?Has your authority taken any steps in the way of distribution of leaflets or otherwise with a view to impressing upon people the importance of taking precautions as to measles ?
  • Page 26
    The London rates for 1904 and preceding periods are shown in the following table :-
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Caso mortality per cent.
  • Page 26
    Scarlet fever—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1893-1903.1904.
  • Page 26
    The following table shows that the London scarlet fever death-rate was, in the decennium 1894-1903, lower than the death-rates of the undermentioned foreign towns, except Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, and Rome, and in 1904 was exceeded by the death-rates of Stockholm, St. Petersburg, Berlin and New York:— Scarlet fever—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 27
    The following table shows the scarlet fever cases, deaths, case rates and death-rates for the year 1904, the cases rates for the decenium 1894-1903, and the death-rates for the period 1901-3 in the several sanitary districts of the country:-
    Sanitary area.Cases, 1904.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1904.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1894-1903.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 28
    Scarlet fever-Notified cases, 1904.
    Period.Notified cases-Ages.Increase or decrease per cent.
    0-33-1313 and upwards.0-33-1313 and upwards.
  • Page 28
    Scarlet fever2, 1904.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates por 100,000 living.Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 29
    The diphtheria case-rates, death-rates, and case mortality in 1904, and preceding periods, are shown in the following table :—
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Case mortality per cent.
  • Page 29
    Diphtheria—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 29
    Diphtheria—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 30
    The following table shows the diphtheria cases, deaths, case-rates, and death-rates for the year 1904, the case-rates for the decennium 1894-1903, and the death-rates for the period 1901-3, in the several sanitary districts:—
    Sanitary area.Cases, 1904.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1904.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1894-1903.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 30
    Diphtheria. Comparative case rates (London taken as 100).
    Sanitary area.Comparative case rates (London case rates taken as 100).
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.
  • Page 31
    Continuted from previous page...
    Sanitary Area.Comparative case rates (London case rates taken as 100).
    1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1897.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904
  • Page 32
    Diphtheria — Notified cases, 1904.
    Period.Notified cases—Ages.Increase or decrease per cent.
    0—3.3—13.13 and upwards.0—3.3—13.13 and upwards.
  • Page 32
    This is shown in the following table :—
    Sanitary area.No. examined.No. positive.Sanitary area.No. examined.No. positive.
  • Page 33
    Diphtheria, 11904.
    Age period.Males.Females.
    Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 300,000 living.Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 33
    The death-rates from this disease in 1904 and preceding periods have been as follows—
    Period.Death rate per 1,000 persons living.Period.Death rate per 1,000 persons living.
  • Page 34
    Whooping-cough—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 34
    Whooping-cough—Death-rates per 1,000 persons living.
    Towns.1891-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 34
    The following table shows the whooping-cough deaths and death-rates for the year 1904 and the death-rates for the period 1901-3 in the several metropolitan sanitary districts :—
    Sanitary area.Deaths, 1904.Death rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1901-3.1904.
  • Page 35
    There were no deaths from typhus in the Administrative County of London during the year 1904. The death-rates from this disease in successive periods have been as follows—
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 living.
  • Page 35
    The rates per 1,000 persons living and the case mortality per cent. in 1904 and preceding periods were as follows—
    Period.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Case mortality per cent.
  • Page 36
    The following table shows the enteric fever cases, deaths, case-rates, and death-rates for the year 1904, the case-rates for the decennium 1894-1903, and the death-rates for the period 1901-3 in the several sanitary districts-
    Sanitary area.Cases, 1904.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths, 1904.Death-rate per 1,000 per-living.
    1894-1903.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 37
    The Widal test was employed with the results stated in the following districts—
    District.Examined.Positive.
  • Page 38
    Enteric fever 1904.
    Age-period.Males.Females.
    Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.Cases.Deaths.Case mortality per cent.Rates per 100,000 living.
    Cases.Deaths.Cases.Deaths.
  • Page 38
    The Death in the Administrative country of London attributed to epidemic diarrhœa and infective entiries numbered 2,856 in 1904(52 weeks), while 1,945 deaths were attributed to diarrhœa and dysentery. The age distribution of these deaths was as follows-
    Disease.Under 1 year.1-5.5-20.20-40.40-60.60-80.80 and upwardsAll ages.
  • Page 38
    Diarrhœa-Death rates per 1,000 living
    Towns.1894-1903.1904.Towns.1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 39
    The deaths and death-rates from diarrhoea for the year 1904, and the death rates for the period 1901-3 in each of the sanitary areas in London are shown in the following table :—
    Sanitary area.Deaths, 1904.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1901-3.1904.
  • Page 39
    Erysipelas.
    Year.Cases.Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.Deaths.Death-rate per 1,000 persons living.
  • Page 40
    The number of cases of erysipelas notified and the case-rate for the year 1904, together with the case-rate in the decennium 1894-1903, in the several sanitary areas are shown in the following table-
    Sanitary area.Cases 1904Case-rate per 1,000 persons living.
    1894-1903.1904.
  • Page 40
    The following table shows the age and sex distribution of the notified cases of erysipelas in 1904—
    Ago.All ages.0-5-10-l520-25-35-45-55-65-75 and upwards.
  • Page 40
    Puerperal fever.
    Year.Notified cases.Deaths.2
  • Page 41
    If these cases and deaths are considered in relation to the total population and total births the following rates are obtained—
    Year.Case-rate per 1,000 living.Case-rate per 1,000 birth".Death-rate' per 1,000 living.Death-rateper 1,000 births.
  • Page 41
    The deaths from these diseases since 1899 have been as follows-
    Year.Deaths1 from Influenza.Deaths1 from Bronchitis.Deaths1 from Pneumonia.
  • Page 41
    Influenza—Deaths registered in London in four-weekly periods, 1890-1904.
    Number of weeks.1890.1891.1892.1893.1894.1895.1896.1«97.1898.1899.1900.1901.1902.1903.1904.
  • Page 42
    The death-rates from this disease in successive periods per 1000 living have been as follows :—
  • Page 42
    Crude and corrected Phthisis death-rates per 1.000 persons living, in the County of London and the several sanitary districts.
    Sanitary area.Standard death rate.Factor for correction for age and sex distri-tribution.Crude death-rate.Corrected death-rate.Comparative mortality figure. (London 1,000.)
    1901-3.1904.1901-3.1904.1901-3.1904.
  • Page 42
    Phthisis (366 days ) .
    Age-period.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 and upwardsAll ages.
  • Page 43
    Continued from previous page...
    Age period.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-8aaud tip-wardsAll ages.
  • Page 43
    Males.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65 +All ages.
  • Page 43
    Females.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65 +All ages.
  • Page 44
    Males.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65 +All ages.
  • Page 44
    Females.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65 +All ages.
  • Page 44
    Males.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65 +All ages.
  • Page 44
    Females.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65+All ages.
  • Page 44
    Males.
    Decennia.0-15-25-35-45-55-65 +All ages.
  • Page 45
    Females.
    Decennia.0.15.25.35.45.55.65 4.All ages.
  • Page 45
    In many of the annual reports the number of cases notified during the year is stated, and the following figures are thus supplied—
    District.Number of cases notified.District.Number of cases notified.District.Number of cases notified.
  • Page 47
    The death.rates of this disease per 1,000 persons living in successive periods have been as follows)—
    Period.Rate.Period.Rate.
  • Page 47
    Cancer. Crude and corrected death.rates per 1,000 persons living in the County of London and the several sanitary districts.
    Sanitary areas.Standard death. rate.Factor for correction for age and sex distribution.Crude death.rate.Corrected death.rate.Comparative mortality figure (London 1,000).
    1901.3.1904.1901.3.1904.1901.3.1904.
  • Page 48
    (a) Deaths' from Sarcoma.
    Age period.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 and upwardsAll age
  • Page 48
    (b) Deaths1 from Carcinoma.
    Age period.0-5-10-15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 and upwardsAll age.
  • Page 49
    (c) Deaths1 from Cancer (otherwise undistinguished).
    Age period.0-5-10 -15-20-25-35-45-55-65-75-85 and upward sAll ages.
  • Page 49
    Deaths at each age period per 1,000 deaths at "all ages."
    Age-period.All ages.Under 35-35-45-55-65-75-85 and upwards.
  • Page 50
    London, 1901-4. Cancer death-rates in relation to overcrowding (1901 census).
    Percentage of overcrowding in each group of sanitary areas.1901-4 crude canter death. rate per 1,000 living.Standard death. rate.Factor for age and sex correction.Corrected death. rate.Corrected death rate (London, 100).
  • Page 50
    London, 1901.4. Phthisis death-rates in relation to overcrowding (1901 census).
    Percentage of overcrowding in each group of sanitary areas.1901-4 crude phthisis death. rate per 1,000 living.Standard death. rate.Factor for age and sex correction.Corrected death. rate.Corrected death. rate (London, 100).
  • Page 51
    The following table has therefore been prepared:— Diphtheria, 1895-1904.
    Age period.Actual notifications. August.Hypothetical notifications. August.Difference.Difference per cent.
  • Page 51
    Scarlet fever, 1895-1904.
    Age period.Actual notifications. August.Hypothetical notifications. August.Difference.Difference per cent.
  • Page 52
    The following tables show the fatality of diphtheria and scarlet-fever at ages under ten years, in London during the period 1895.1904:.
    Ages in years.1895-1904.
    Cases.Diphtheria.Scarlet fever.
    Deaths.Deaths per 100 cases.Cases.Deaths.Deaths per 100 cases.
  • Page 52
    The following table shows the number of deaths from these diseases in London at ages under ten years in the period 1895.1904. The deaths from diphtheria and scarlet fever are also shown. Mortality. —1895.1904.
    Ages in years.Measles.Whooping cough.Diphtheria.Scarlet fever.
  • Page 52
    M eteorology. The tables published in the annual summary of the Registrar-General, deduced from observations at Greenwich, under the superintendence of the Astronomer Royal, show that the mean temperature of the air in 1904 was 49.8 deg. Fahrenheit, or 0.3 deg. Fahrenheit above the average of the 50 years 1854.1903. The rainfall during the year amounted to 20.67 inches, or 3.86 inches below the average of the preceding 50 years. The temperature and rainfall in each month of the year 1904 are shown in the following table—
    Month.Temperature of the air.Departure from average of 50 years, 1854.1903.Rain.
    Absolute maximum.Absolute minimum.Mean for month.Number of days it fell.Amount collected.
  • Page 53
    PART II. Dairies, Cowsheds and Milkshops. The County Council received during the year 266 applications for cowhouse licences, of which 259 were granted. The number of applications for licences received during the last ten years and the number granted are shown in the following table. It will be seen that the number of these premises in London is continually decreasing.
  • Page 53
    Cowsheds.
    Sanitary area.Number of cowsheds.Number of Inspections 1904.Number of notices 1904.Number of prosecutions 1904.
    On register at end of 1903.Added in 1904.Removed in 1904.On register at end of 1904.
  • Page 54
    Examination of cows for tubercular disease of the udder-Summary of Mr. Shaw's reports for the year 1904.
    Details of Examination.1st period, 5th Deo. (1903)-27th April (1904).2nd period, 28th April- 12th Aug. (1904).3rd period, 13th Aug.- 20th Dec. (1904).
  • Page 55
    Milkshop Premises. The following table shows the number of milkshop premises on the register at the end of 1904, the number of inspections of such premises made, the number of notices served, and the number of prosecutions. The table has been compiled from information given in the several annual reports.
    Sanitary Area.Number ef places.Number of inspections, 1904.Number of notices, 1904.Number of prosecutions 1904.
    On Register at end of 1903.Added in 1904.Removed in 1904.On Register at end of 1904.
  • Page 56
    Continued from previous page...
    Metropolitan borough.Number of places.Number of inspections, 1904.Number of notices, 1904.Number of prosecutions 1904.
    On Register at end of 1903.Added in 1904.Removed in 1904.On Register at end of 1904.
  • Page 57
    Offensive Businesses. In the year 1904 the County Council received 338 applications for licences for slaughter.houses and granted 333. The following table shows the number of applications received and the number of slaughter.houses licensed in recent years—
    Year.No. of applications received.No. of premises for which licences were granted.Year.No. of applications received.No. of premises for which licences were granted.
  • Page 57
    The number of slaughter.houses in each of the London sanitary areas and the frequency with which these slaughter.houses, in some of the districts, were inspected are shown in the following table-
    Sanitary areas.Number of Slaughter.houses.No. of Inspections 1904.No. of notices 1904.
    On Register at end of 1903.Removed in 1904.On Register at end of 1904.
  • Page 58
    Continued from previous page...
    Sanitary areas.Number of slaughterhouses.No. of inspections 1904.No. of notices 1904.
    On Register at end of 1903.Removed in 1904.On Register at end of 1904.
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    The number of authorised offensive businesses other than that of slaughterer of cattle in London, except those under the jurisdiction of the City Corporation, was at the end of the year as follows :—
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    The districts in which these premises are situated, the number of premises, and, for some districts, the number of inspections, are shown in the following table- Premises used for scheduled offensive businesses.
    No. on register at end of 1904.No. of inspections.No. on register at end of 1904.No. of inspections.
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    Smoke Nuisance.
    Sanitary Area.Observations and inspections.Nuisances and complaints.Notices.Summonses.
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    The frequency of removal of manure from stables in Battersea and Southwark is stated to be as follows:—
    Frequency of removal.Daily.Three times a week.Twice a week.Weekly.Fortnightly.Monthly.
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    The following tabular statement shows the procedings of the district authorities concerning houses represented as unfit for human habitation, and in respect of which the Council has received copies of representations from the 1st January to the 31st December, 1904 :-
    Local Authority.Total number of houses concerning which the Council has received information that representations have been made from the 1/1/04 tn the 31/12/34Number of houses dealt with by owners without Magisterial intervention.Number of houses for which closing orders were granted.Number of houses for which dosing orders were refused.Number of houses represented but subsequently dealt with under Public Health (London) Act, 1891.
    Still closed.Derno. lished.Improved.Total.Still closed.Demolished.Improved.Total.
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    Death-rates of persons resident in the County Council's dwellings.
    Cause of death.Death rate per 1000 living.
    Council's dwellings.London.
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    Houses let in lodgings.
    Number of places.Inspections, 1904.Notices, 1901.Prosecutions, 1904.
    On register at end of 1903.Added in 1904.Removed in 1904.On register at end of 1904.
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    In the following table will be seen the number of houses registered, the authorised number of lodgers, and the number of convictions, with the penalties inflicted, during each year since 1894.:-
    Year.No. of houses on register.Authorised number of lodgers.No. of day visits by inspectors.No. of night visits.No. of prosecutions.No. of convictions.Penalties and costs.No. of deaths, †No. of cases of infectious disease.
    £s.d.
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    Total number of licensed and unlicensed common lodging houses in the several sanitary districts of London on December 31st, 1904:-
    Sanitary district.No. of houses.Authorise 1 accommodation.
    Men.Women.Couples.Total.
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    Table I. Common Lodging Houses. Death-rates per 1,000 males living at five age periods from certain causes in London (1903) and in licensed common lodging houses 1903 and 1904.
    Cause of Death.Age 25 to 35.Age 36 to 45.Age 45 to 55.Age 55 to 65.Age 65 and upwards.
    London, 1903.C.L.H 1903.C.L.H. 1904.London, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.London, 1903.C L H 1903.C. L. H 1901.London, 1SW3.C.L H. 1903.C.L.H 1904.London, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.
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    Table II. Common Lodging Houses. Table showing the number of deaths of males at five age periods from certain causes per 1,000 deaths from all causes in London (1903) and licensed common lodging houses 1903 and 1904.
    Cases of deathAge 25 to 35Age 35 to 45Age 45 to 55Age 55 to 65Age 65 and upward
    London, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.Loddon, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.London, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.London, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.London, 1903.C.L.H. 1903.C.L.H. 1904.
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    laws for the regulation of houses accommodating seamen. These by.laws came into force on the 1st October, 1901, At the end of 1903, there were 133 houses on the register ; in 1904 houses were added to and removed from the register, leaving 90, which were situated in the following metropolitan boroughs:—
    Metropolitan Borough.Houses.Lodgers.
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    Revenue Acts.
    Sanitary District.No. of houses for which applications were received during year.No. of tenements comprised therein.No. of Tenements for which certificates were granted.Certificates were refused.Certificates were deferred.
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    The number of proceedings in some other districts is shown in the following table :-
    Sanitary District.No. of underground rooms illegally occupiedSanitary District.No. of underground rooms illegally occupied.
    Dealt with.Occupation discontinued.Dealt with.Occupation discontinued.
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    Overcrowding.
    No. of dwelling-rooms overcrowded.No. romodied.No. of prosecutions.
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    TABLE SHOWING PROCEEDINGS OF LONDON SANITARY AUTHORITIES UNDER THE FACTORY AND WORKSHOP ACT.
    Premises, Particulars, Class, &c.Paddington.Kensington.Hammersmith.Fulham.Chelsea.Westminster.St. Marylebone.Hampstead.St. Pancras.Islington.Stoke Newington.Hackney.Holborn.Finsbury.City of Londcn.Shoreditch.Bethnal-green.Stepney.Poplar.Southwaik.Bermondsey.Lambeth.Battersea.Wandbworth.CamberwellDeptford:Greenwich.Lewisham.Woolwich.
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    The sale of ice cream.
    Sanitary Area.Number of places.No. of inspections 1904.No. of natices 1904.No. of prosecutions under Act, 1904.
    On register at end of 1903.Added in 1904.Removed in 1904.On register at end 1904.
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    The extent to which mortuaries were used in the London districts, other than in Stepney and Lewisham, for which the information is wanting, is shown in the following table:—
    Sanitary Area.Total number of bodies removed.Number of infectious bodies removed.Sanitary Area.Total number of bodies removed.Number of infectious bodies removed.
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    The following table shows the estimated population on the 6th April, 1904, and the amount of excess of contribution over grant, or of grant over contribution in respect of each district for the year ended 31st March, 1905—
    District.Estimated population, 6th April, 1904.Equalisation charge, being excess of contribution over grant.Net grant, being excess of grant over contribution.
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    Medical Officers of Health of London Sanitary Districts in 1904.
    Sanitary area.Medical officer of health.
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    CLASS B—Probable pollution.
    Beds inspected—Samples sent to Chemist for analysis.Nature of probable pollution in each instance.Chemist's report-Standard.
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    CLASS C—Actual pollution (not considerable).
    Beds inspected—Samples sent to the Chemist for analysis. Nature of probable pollution in each instance.Chemist's report —Standard.
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    CLASS D -Actual pollution (gross).
    Beds inspected—Samples sent to the Chemist fcr analysis. Niture of probable pollution in each instance.Chemist's report —Standard.
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    To make the matter quite clear I give the following table:— Mixture of 100 grammes by weight of cress with 900 c.c. by measure of sterile water.
    Culture.Represents the following fractions of the whole mixture.Represents the "Washings " of:—
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    Table I.—Showing the results of the Bacteriological Examination of Tarious samples of water collected in connection with different watercress beds.
    Number of Sample.B. Coli test. Number of b. coli or coli-like II icrobes.B. enteritidis sporogenes test. " Enteritidis change" in anaerobic spore-milk cultures.Remarks.
    100 c.c.10 c.c.1 C.C..1 c.c.*.01 c.c..001 C.C..0001 C.C..00001 C.C.10 c.c.1 C.C..1 C.C..01 c.c..001 c.c.
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    T able II -Showing the results of the Bacteriological Examination of (11 the first "washings," and (2) the final "washings" of watercress obtained from various localities. Mixture of 100 grammes by weight of cress+ 900 c.c. by measure of sterile water.
    Number of Sample.B. Coli test. Number of B. Coli or coli-like microbes.
    First "Washings."Final "Washings."
    "Washings"of:-"Washings" of:-
    10 grammes of cress.1 gramme of cress..1 gramme of cress..01 gramme of cress..001 gramme of cress..0001 gramme of cress..00001 gramme of cress..000001 gramme ot cress.10 grammes of cress.1 gramme of cress..1 gramme of cress..01 gramme of cress..001 gramme of cress.
    100 C.C. of mixt.10 c.c. of mixt.1 c.c. of mixt..1 c.c. of mixt..01 c.c. of mixt..001 c.c. of mixt..0001 c.c. of mixt..00001 c.c. of mixt.100 c.c. of mixt.10 c.c. of mixt.1 c.c. of mixt..1 c.c. of mixt..01 c.c. of mixt.
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    T able III. -Showing the results as regards the B. coli test of the addition of cress in known quantities directly to liquid culture media both before and also after prolonged washing.
    Number1 of Sample.Topographical Classification.Chemist's Report Standard.Unwashed Cress.Washed Cress.
    10 grammes.1 gramme.10 grammes.1 gramme.
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    Table IV.-Showing, as regards the B. coli test, a comparison between the leaves and stalk of watercress.
    Number.Description of sample.1 leaf.Leaf of Watercress.Stalk of Watercress.
    10 leaves.100 leaves.1 grm.10 grms.1 grm.10 grms.
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    A ppendix A.— Analysis of the biological attributes of 42 B. coli or coli-like microbes isolated from the waters.— (Section I.) F laginac B. coli, about 76 per cent.
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    A ppendix B.— Analysis of the biological attributes of 52 B. coli or coli-like microbes isolated from the first and final "washings" of the cress. —(Section II.) F laginac B. coli, about 54 per cent.
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    A ppendix C.— Analysis of the biological attributes of 81 B. coli or coli-like microbes isolated from the primary medium into which the cress had been previously directly introduced. —(Sections III. and IV ) F laginac B. coli, about 40 per cent.
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    Subjoined is a return of candidates medically examined during 1904:—
    Candidates.Number who applied for examination and reexamination.Number outstanding from 1903.Number examined and reexamined.Passed.Subject to re-examination before termination of Probationary Period.Rejected.Withdrawn, etc.Outstanding at end of 1904.
    Unconditionally.Subject to Oculist's Report.Subject to Aurlst's or Surgeon's Report.Subject to Dentist's Report.Subject to Successful Vaccination.
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    The number of candidates examined in recent years has been:—
    Candidates examined.References as to health of Employes.
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    VISITS TO SCHOOLS. The average number of visits to schools made each week for examinations and inspections by officers of the Public Health Department is as follows:-
    Special Schools.Ordinary Schools.Domiciliary and Special Inquiries.
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    The results of the measurements are given in the following table :—
    Age.Due of Birth. Year and Quarter.No.Combined Weight.Average Weight.Combined Height.Average Height.
    Kilogrammes (1 Kilo =2.2 lb.).Centimetres (2.5=1 inch).
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    Mental capacity as affected by physique. —The mental capacity was gauged by the class teachers. The marks 1 to 5 were given in the following manner:—
    No.Percentage.
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    The effect of overcrowding upon physique.-
    No. of rases.Average divergence from normal age physique of the Schcol, Weight (kilos). Height (cms.).
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    Here, again, we see that only at the extremes can any effect be made out upon the physique; more important than the number of rooms of course is the number of occupants per room:-
    No. per room.No. of cases.Average divergence.
    Weight.Height.
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    Of 124 boys who were conspicuously above the average in physique, the figures were:—
    Mother works.Mother keeps the house.Mother dead.
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    Of 110 boys conspicuously below the age average, a similar inquiry gave this result:—
    Mother works.Mother keeDS the houseMother dead
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    Table of Infantile Mortalities.
    1802.1893.1894.1806.1806.
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    During the past year the following returns have been made as regards dental conditions of elementary school children, expressed in percentages:
    Examiners —Dr. F. M. D. Berry (Girls).Dr. C. J. Thomas (Boys).
    Standards.I.II. & III.IV. & V.VI. & VII.I. to VII.
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    The following table shows the results obtained from the cleansing scheme:—
    Departments.Number of Children Examined.Clean.Partially Cleansed.Verminous.White Cards.Red Cards.Proposed for Exclusion.Excluded for Prosecution.
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    The following Table shows the closures during the year:—
    Department.DISEASE.
    DIPHTHERIA.SCARLET FEVER.MEASLES.MUMPS.WHOOPING COUGH.
    No. of classrooms closed.No. of departm'ts closed.No. of classrooms closed.No. of departm'ts closed.No. of classrooms closed.No. of departm'ts closed.No. of classrooms closed.No. of departm'ts closed.No. of classrooms closed.No. of departm'ts closed.
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    In the case of measles, which is the disease for which most frequent class closure is required, the cases in infant schools were distributed through the year as follows:—
    19 0 4.1 805.
    From 26th Mar. to 30th April.May.June.July.Aug.Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.March.
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    Average absence in six schools from various diseases of a contagious nature (1905):—
    Disease.SUFFERING.IN HOUSE.
    Boys.Girls.Infants.Boys.Girls.Infants.
    No. of Children affected.Av. No. of Att. lost.No. of Children affected.Av. No. of Att. lost.No. of Children affected.Av. No. of Att. lost.No. of Children affected.Av. No. of Att. lost.No. of Children affected.Av. No. of Att. lost.No. of Children affected.Av. No. of Att. lost.
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    As shewing the amount of work which it is possible to do, 634 schools sent in notifications. In 22 cases the schools were examined by swabbing 890 children of affected classes, and 60 of these were diphtheria "carriers."
    Date.School.Number of Cultures.Diphtheria.Pseudo-Diphtheria.
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    A verage W eekly Notifications of Diphtheria,
    At all Ages.All Children at School Age.Children in the Provided Schools.
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    The children found spreading diphtheria in schools may be divided into four classes which occur in the following proportions:—
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    4. The diphtheria notifications in London, per 1,000 living at each age, are as follows:—
    Age Period.Per 1,000.
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    Vision of 20,000 Children, giving Details of Amount of Defect (p. 14, First Report L.S.B.).
    vision.Good.Fair.Bad.
    Acuity.6/66/96/126/186/246/366/60, or worse.
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    Acuity of Vision. Examination of Boys. AGES LAST BIRTHDAY (AS NOTED ON CARD).
    STANDARD.VISION.SIX.SEVEN.EIGHT.NINE.TEN.eleven.TWELVE.THIRTEEN 4 OVER.TOTAL.
    g.F.B.G.F.B.GF.B.g.F.B.G.F.B.g.F.B.g.F.B.g.F.B.G.f.B.
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    Acuity of Vision. Examination of Girls. AGES LAST BIRTHDAY (AS NOTED ON CARD).
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    means above described, and control tests by Miss Sayer, Dr. Critchley, and myself, the numbers who ultimately attained normal or fair (6/9-6/12 ) vision were very much greater than had ever before been suspected.
    Children in Infant Departments—AgeAgeAgeAgeAge
    1,469 Boys; 1,313 Girls.6-6½.6½—7.7—7½.7½—8.8-8½.
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    Continued from previous page...
    1904—1905.Number of EliminationsNumber Examined.Passed for
    Mentally Defective.Physically Defective.Blind.Deaf.Elementary School.Imbecile.In valid and Epileptics.
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    Boarded-out Children. —The number of boarded-out children on March 31st, 1905, was as follows:—
    BlindDeaf.
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    The children submitted with a view to special training numbered 5048. These were presented at 339 examinations, with the following results:—
    Blind.Deaf.Mentally Deficient.Imbecile.Physically Deficient.Invalid and Epileptic.Ordinary School.
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    Earl-street School. -Here the Infants' department commenced the year 1904 with the following distribution of protected and unprotected children:-
    Class.Previously had measles.Not had measles.Unknown.Percentage unprotected.
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    The distribution of the cases occurring during the past year amongst those reported to have had measles and those reported not to have had measles is given in the following table :—
    Schools.No. of Children with known Histories.No. reported to have had Measles previously.No. reported not to have had Measles.Percentage of Unprotected.Cases of Measles during year.No. said to be Second Attacks.Percentage of Unprotected Children Attacked.Percentage of Children left without being Attacked.Date of Opening.